{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T11:42:46Z","timestamp":1768995766492,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,13]],"date-time":"2024-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705104000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Results Driven Agriculture Research and the Canadian Agricultural Partnership","award":["2022N090R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022N090R"]}]},{"name":"Solvet and Chinook Contract Research","award":["2022N090R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022N090R"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The objectives of this study were to assess the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the current standard-of-care for pain mitigation in lambs during castration and tail docking (injectable lidocaine) and assess the ability of Lidocaine-Loaded Bands (LLBs) to deliver therapeutic concentrations into the contacted tissues over time. The study was comprised of four different trials: (1) investigation of in vitro release of lidocaine from LLBs; (2) pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of injectable lidocaine in scrotal and tail tissue; (3) pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of in vivo delivery of lidocaine with LLBs placed on the tail and scrotum of lambs; and (4) a \u201cproof-of-concept\u201d study comparing the sensation of control- versus LLB-banded tail tissue over time. The use of injectable lidocaine provides effective short-term anesthesia for 120 to 180 min following the injection; however, additional strategies are needed to manage long-term pain. The use of an LLB could provide an alternative where tissue lidocaine concentrations meet or exceed the EC50 for at least 21\u201328 days and, based on electrostimulation data, provides local anesthesia for at least 3 days when compared to a control band. Further studies are needed to compare the use of an injectable local anesthetic to the LLBs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14020255","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,15]],"date-time":"2024-01-15T04:54:38Z","timestamp":1705294478000},"page":"255","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Assessment of the Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Injectable Lidocaine and a Lidocaine-Impregnated Latex Band for Castration and Tail Docking in Lambs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0432-8383","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph A.","family":"Ross","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinook Contract Research Inc., Airdrie, AB T4A 0C3, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6934-6497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven M.","family":"Roche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ACER Consulting Ltd., Guelph, ON N1G 5L3, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8182-5623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kendall","family":"Beaugrand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinook Contract Research Inc., Airdrie, AB T4A 0C3, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Crystal","family":"Schatz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinook Contract Research Inc., Airdrie, AB T4A 0C3, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3900-8475","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ann","family":"Hammad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinook Contract Research Inc., Airdrie, AB T4A 0C3, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2757-1212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brenda J.","family":"Ralston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Research Team, Lakeland College, Vermilion, AB T9X 1K5, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea M.","family":"Hanson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Research Team, Lakeland College, Vermilion, AB T9X 1K5, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1993-5554","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas","family":"Allan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinook Contract Research Inc., Airdrie, AB T4A 0C3, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3654-7692","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Merle","family":"Olson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alberta Veterinary Laboratories Ltd., Calgary, AB T2C 5N6, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.134.18.463","article-title":"Lamb tail docking: A controlled field study of the effects of tail amputation on health and productivity","volume":"134","author":"French","year":"1994","journal-title":"Vet. 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