{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T13:15:29Z","timestamp":1787318129310,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,15]],"date-time":"2024-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705276800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Hunan Provincial Innovation Foundation for Postgraduate","award":["CX2017B368"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CX2017B368"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aims to explore the antioxidant, immune, and enzyme metabolism aspects in goats experiencing subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA). Furthermore, we seek to elucidate the relationship between the symbiotic microbiota of goats and their metabolic function. Sixteen goats were equally divided into two groups and fed a normal-concentrate diet (NC, 55% concentrate) or a high-concentrate diet (HC, 90% concentrate) for five weeks. We found that the HC diet reduced the total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) (p = 0.022) and increased interleukin-1\u03b2 (IL-1\u03b2) (p = 0.015), interleukin-4 (IL-4) (p = 0.008) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) (p = 0.002) concentration of goats. Simultaneously, the HC diet significantly increased the concentrations of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and amylase (AMY) in the blood and rumen fluid of goats (p &lt; 0.05). Microbial analysis in the rumen of goats revealed that the HC diet decreased bacterial richness and diversity, as evidenced by the changed observed species, Chao 1, PD whole tree and Shannon when compared to the NC diet (p &lt; 0.01). The proportion of Proteobacteria increased while that of Spirochaetes and Fibrobacteres significantly decreased with the HC diet (p &lt; 0.05). The Christensenellaceae_R-7_group and Ruminococcaceae_UCG-010 in rumen was notably decreased when a diet was switched from 55% concentrate diet to 90% concentrate diet (p &lt; 0.05). Additionally, microbial functional potentials deduced that the HC diet significantly increased the abundance of the citrate cycle (TCA cycle) (ko00020) associated with carbohydrate metabolism (p = 0.028). Furthermore, the HC diet significantly increased the glutathione metabolism (ko00480) associated with the metabolism of other amino acids (p = 0.008). Our findings suggested that SARA reduced the total antioxidant capacity and increased levels of inflammatory factors in goats, as well as decreased rumen bacterial species and abundance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14020263","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,15]],"date-time":"2024-01-15T04:54:38Z","timestamp":1705294478000},"page":"263","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Effects of High-Concentrate-Induced SARA on Antioxidant Capacity, Immune Levels and Rumen Microbiota and Function in Goats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Siqin","family":"Fan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410125, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengli","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410125, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ao","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410125, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongxiang","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410125, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donglei","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410125, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lingyuan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410125, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(05)72807-1","article-title":"Subacute ruminal acidosis induces ruminal lipopolysaccharide endotoxin release and triggers an inflammatory response","volume":"88","author":"Gozho","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8733","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2016-11570","article-title":"Characteristics of dairy cows with a greater or lower risk of subacute ruminal acidosis: Volatile fatty acid absorption, rumen digestion, and expression of genes in rumen epithelial cells","volume":"99","author":"Gao","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"187","article-title":"Sub-acute Ruminal Acidosis (SARA) and its Consequence in Dairy Cattle: A Review of Past and Recent Research at Global Prospective","volume":"10","author":"Abdela","year":"2016","journal-title":"Achiev. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0442.2003.00569.x","article-title":"Subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA): A review","volume":"50","author":"Kleen","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. A Physiol. Pathol. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.1997.tb10238.x","article-title":"Acid stress responses in enterobacteria","volume":"147","author":"Bearson","year":"1997","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-019-10226-1","article-title":"Microbial response to acid stress: Mechanisms and applications","volume":"104","author":"Guan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"skaa248","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skaa248","article-title":"Ruminal acidosis, bacterial changes, and lipopolysaccharides","volume":"98","author":"Monteiro","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3991","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-017-8264-y","article-title":"Microbial response to environmental stresses: From fundamental mechanisms to practical applications","volume":"101","author":"Guan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(97)76075-2","article-title":"Creating a system for meeting the fiber requirements of dairy cows","volume":"80","author":"Mertens","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4340","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2019-17606","article-title":"Feeding diets varying in forage proportion and particle length to lactating dairy cows: I. Effects on ruminal pH and fermentation, microbial protein synthesis, digestibility, and milk production","volume":"103","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2008-1379","article-title":"Increasing physically effective fiber content of dairy cow diets through forage proportion versus forage chop length: Chewing and ruminal pH","volume":"92","author":"Yang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, B., Zhu, R., Yang, H., Lu, Q., Wang, W., Song, L., Sun, X., Zhang, G., Li, S., and Yang, J. (2020). Assessing the Impact of Data Preprocessing on Analyzing Next Generation Sequencing Data. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2020.00817"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024722","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.1024722","article-title":"Effects of essential oil extracted from Artemisia argyi leaf on lipid metabolism and gut microbiota in high-fat diet-fed mice","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, S., Wang, K.J., Lin, S.Z., Zhang, Z.D., Cheng, M., Hu, S.S., Hu, H.J., Xiang, J., Chen, F.M., and Li, G.H. (2023). Comparison of the Effects between Tannins Extracted from Different Natural Plants on Growth Performance, Antioxidant Capacity, Immunity, and Intestinal Flora of Broiler Chickens. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12020441"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1166022","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1166022","article-title":"Effects of Litsea cubeba essential oil on growth performance, blood antioxidation, immune function, apparent digestibility of nutrients, and fecal microflora of pigs","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6981","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-017-8427-x","article-title":"High-grain diets altered rumen fermentation and epithelial bacterial community and resulted in rumen epithelial injuries of goats","volume":"101","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, K., Ren, A., Zheng, M., Jiao, J., Yan, Q., Zhou, C., and Tan, Z. (2020). Diet with a High Proportion of Rice Alters Profiles and Potential Function of Digesta-Associated Microbiota in the Ileum of Goats. Animals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10081261"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791482","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.791482","article-title":"Novel Linkages between Bacterial Composition of Hindgut and Host Metabolic Responses to SARA Induced by High-Paddy Diet in Young Goats","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3122","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2017.4878","article-title":"Phascolarctobacterium faecium abundant colonization in human gastrointestinal tract","volume":"14","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2019.06.028","article-title":"Unraveling the association of fecal microbiota and oxidative stress with stillbirth rate of sows","volume":"136","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"skaa022","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skaa022","article-title":"Effects of vitamin B6 on the growth performance, intestinal morphology, and gene expression in weaned piglets that are fed a low-protein diet","volume":"98","author":"Yin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"749","article-title":"Effects of high rice diet on growth performance, nutrients apparent digestibility, nitrogen metabolism, blood parameters and rumen fermentation in growing goats","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Kafkas Univ. Vet. Fak. Derg."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940217","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.940217","article-title":"Effects of Diets with Different Protein Levels on Lipid Metabolism and Gut Microbes in the Host of Different Genders","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, K.J., Peng, X.M., Lv, F.F., Zheng, M.L., Long, D.L., Mao, H.X., Si, H.B., and Zhang, P.H. (2021). Microbiome-Metabolites Analysis Reveals Unhealthy Alterations in the Gut Microbiota but Improved Meat Quality with a High-Rice Diet Challenge in a Small Ruminant Model. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11082306"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.2676","article-title":"Predictive functional profiling of microbial communities using 16S rRNA marker gene sequences","volume":"31","author":"Langille","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, F.M., He, J.Y., Wang, X., Lv, T., Liu, C.J., Liao, L.P., Li, Z.B., Zhou, J., He, B.S., and Qiu, H.J. (2022). Effect of Dietary Ramie Powder at Various Levels on the Growth Performance, Meat Quality, Serum Biochemical Indices and Antioxidative Capacity of Yanling White Geese. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12162045"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, W.J., Wei, S.S., Peng, W.J., Sun, T.L., Huang, J.H., Yu, R., Zhang, B.K., and Li, W.Q. (2021). Antioxidant Effect of Polygonatum sibiricum Polysaccharides in D-Galactose-Induced Heart Aging Mice. Biomed. Res. Int., 2021.","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6688855"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902568","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.902568","article-title":"Effects of Artemisia argyi Powder on Egg Quality, Antioxidant Capacity, and Intestinal Development of Roman Laying Hens","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2007","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2022-22222","article-title":"Subacute ruminal acidosis downregulates FOXA2, changes oxidative status, and induces autophagy in the livers of dairy cows fed a high-concentrate diet","volume":"106","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"S25","article-title":"Subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) challenge, ruminal condition and cellular immunity in cattle","volume":"63","author":"Sato","year":"2015","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y., Xiang, J., Wang, Z., Xiao, Y., Zhang, D., Chen, X., Li, H., Liu, M., and Zhang, Q. (2015). Associations of Bone Mineral Density with Lean Mass, Fat Mass, and Dietary Patterns in Postmenopausal Chinese Women: A 2-Year Prospective Study. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0137097"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4865","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skz338","article-title":"Effects of vitamin B6 on growth, diarrhea rate, intestinal morphology, function, and inflammatory factors expression in a high-protein diet fed to weaned piglets","volume":"97","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2010.00951.x","article-title":"Peripheral CD4+ T-cell differentiation regulated by networks of cytokines and transcription factors","volume":"238","author":"Zhu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2013.12.002","article-title":"Antitumor and immunomodulatory effects of a water-soluble polysaccharide from Lilii Bulbus in mice","volume":"102","author":"Sun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.109728","article-title":"Single-cell secretion analysis reveals a dual role for IL-10 in restraining and resolving the TLR4-induced inflammatory response","volume":"36","author":"Alexander","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-11-0442","article-title":"Unchanged interleukin 6 level of protein and energy restricted goats during late gestation: The role of elevated blood nitric oxide","volume":"213","author":"He","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2020.114453","article-title":"Effect of pelleted high-grain total mixed ration on rumen morphology, epithelium-associated microbiota and gene expression of proinflammatory cytokines and tight junction proteins in Hu sheep","volume":"263","author":"Trabi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3873","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.166.6.3873","article-title":"Biphasic regulation of NF-kappa B activity underlies the pro- and anti-inflammatory actions of nitric oxide","volume":"166","author":"Connelly","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.13491","article-title":"Effects and interaction of dietary electrolyte balance and citric acid on growth performance, intestinal histomorphology, digestive enzyme activity and nutrient transporters expression of weaned piglets","volume":"105","author":"Deng","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2011.12.004","article-title":"Subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA), endotoxins and health consequences","volume":"172","author":"Plaizier","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.1998.375","article-title":"Effects of nutritional level on digestive enzyme activities in the pancreas and small intestine of calves slaughtered at same body weight","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"1998","journal-title":"Asian-Australas J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.2527\/jas1986.632497x","article-title":"Effects of age and diet on the development of the pancreas and the synthesis and secretion of pancreatic enzymes in the young pig","volume":"63","author":"Owsley","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"108","article-title":"Effects of different crude protein levels of formulated pellet diets on growth performance and blood biochemical parameters of Matou goats","volume":"55","author":"Guo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"16","article-title":"Effects of dietary nutritional levels on calcium, phosphorus concentrations and ALK activity in serum and calcium, phosphorus contents in tibia for geese","volume":"31","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"China Poult."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"13","article-title":"Effect of alkaline phosphatase on intestinal health of weaning piglets","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Swine Prod."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2010.11.003","article-title":"Effects of grain processing and supplementation with exogenous amylase on nutrient digestibility in feedlot diets","volume":"137","author":"DiLorenzo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Livest. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3075","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2012-6045","article-title":"The effect of an exogenous amylase on performance and total-tract digestibility in lactating dairy cows fed a high-byproduct diet","volume":"96","author":"McCarthy","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skz023","article-title":"Dietary vitamin E affects small intestinal histomorphology, digestive enzyme activity, and the expression of nutrient transporters by inhibiting proliferation of intestinal epithelial cells within jejunum in weaned piglets","volume":"97","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-021-06831-8","article-title":"Update: Innate Lymphoid Cells in Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"67","author":"Luo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, J., He, C., Bu, J., Luo, Y., Yang, S., Ye, C., Yu, S., He, B., Yin, Y., and Yang, X. (2020). Betaine attenuates LPS-induced downregulation of Occludin and Claudin-1 and restores intestinal barrier function. BMC Vet. Res., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-020-02298-3"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e36","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X19000117","article-title":"Evaluation of antioxidant and oxidant status of goats (Capra aegagrus hircus) naturally infected with Haemonchus contortus","volume":"94","author":"Rashid","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Helminthol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maughan, H., Wang, P.W., Diaz Caballero, J., Fung, P., Gong, Y., Donaldson, S.L., Yuan, L., Keshavjee, S., Zhang, Y., and Yau, Y.C. (2012). Analysis of the cystic fibrosis lung microbiota via serial Illumina sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA hypervariable regions. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0045791"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-013-0238-8","article-title":"Illumina sequencing of 16S rRNA tag revealed spatial variations of bacterial communities in a mangrove wetland","volume":"66","author":"Jiang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Microb. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, Y.H., Nagata, R., Ohkubo, A., Ohtani, N., Kushibiki, S., Ichijo, T., and Sato, S. (2018). Changes in ruminal and reticular pH and bacterial communities in Holstein cattle fed a high-grain diet. BMC Vet. Res., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-018-1637-3"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2727","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731119001800","article-title":"Review: The roles and functions of glutamine on intestinal health and performance of weaning pigs","volume":"13","author":"Ji","year":"2019","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018026","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.1018026","article-title":"Starch\u2013protein interaction effects on lipid metabolism and gut microbes in host","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, Y., Yu, S., Zhao, H., Li, L., Li, Y., Liu, M., and Jiang, L. (2023). Integrated multi-omics analysis reveals the positive leverage of citrus flavonoids on hindgut microbiota and host homeostasis by modulating sphingolipid metabolism in mid-lactation dairy cows consuming a high-starch diet. Microbiome, 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-023-01661-4"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2017.11.026","article-title":"An interaction model for the combined effect of temperature, pH and water activity on the growth rate of E. coli K12","volume":"106","author":"Akkermans","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2085","DOI":"10.1007\/s00449-015-1448-x","article-title":"Physiological mechanism of the overproduction of epsilon-poly-L-lysine by acidic pH shock in fed-batch fermentation","volume":"38","author":"Ren","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bioprocess Biosyst. Eng."},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"4059","article-title":"Diversity Changes of Bacterial Community in Rumen of Dairy Cows in Vitro Fermentation Analyzed by 16S rRNA Sequencing Technology","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin. J. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E17","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2006-478","article-title":"Ruminal acidosis in beef cattle: The current microbiological and nutritional outlook","volume":"90","author":"Nagaraja","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3536","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2007-0849","article-title":"Prevotella bryantii 25A used as a probiotic in early-lactation dairy cows: Effect on ruminal fermentation characteristics, milk production, and milk composition","volume":"91","author":"Chiquette","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2010.01911.x","article-title":"Genetic diversity and diet specificity of ruminal Prevotella revealed by 16S rRNA gene-based analysis","volume":"305","author":"Bekele","year":"2010","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2010.02191.x","article-title":"Phylogenetic diversity and dietary association of rumen Treponema revealed using group-specific 16S rRNA gene-based analysis","volume":"316","author":"Bekele","year":"2011","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-011-9998-1","article-title":"The Fibrobacteres: An Important Phylum of Cellulose-Degrading Bacteria","volume":"63","author":"Jones","year":"2012","journal-title":"Microb. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-017-0940-z","article-title":"Changes in Microbiota in Rumen Digesta and Feces Due to a Grain-Based Subacute Ruminal Acidosis (SARA) Challenge","volume":"74","author":"Plaizier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microb. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2016.02.002","article-title":"Rumen microbial abundance and fermentation profile during severe subacute ruminal acidosis and its modulation by plant derived alkaloids in vitro","volume":"39","author":"Mickdam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., Martin, G.B., Wen, Q., Liu, S., Li, Y., Shi, B., Guo, X., Zhao, Y., Guo, Y., and Yan, S. (2020). Palm oil protects alpha-linolenic acid from rumen biohydrogenation and muscle oxidation in cashmere goat kids. J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-020-00502-w"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2986","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.063917-0","article-title":"Acetobacteroides hydrogenigenes gen. nov., sp. nov., an anaerobic hydrogen-producing bacterium in the family Rikenellaceae isolated from a reed swamp","volume":"64","author":"Su","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01412-20","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01412-20","article-title":"Dietary supplementation with sodium sulfate improves rumen fermentation, fiber digestibility, and the plasma metabolome through modulation of rumen bacterial communities in steers","volume":"86","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.4110","article-title":"Cultivation and sequencing of rumen microbiome members from the Hungate1000 Collection","volume":"36","author":"Seshadri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holman, D.B., and Gzyl, K.E. (2019). A meta-analysis of the bovine gastrointestinal tract microbiota. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol., 95.","DOI":"10.1093\/femsec\/fiz072"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, X., Su, X., Li, J., Yang, Y., Wang, P., Yan, F., Yao, J., and Wu, S. (2021). Real-time monitoring of ruminal microbiota reveals their roles in dairy goats during subacute ruminal acidosis. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes, 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-021-00215-6"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fu, Y., He, Y., Xiang, K., Zhao, C., He, Z., Qiu, M., Hu, X., and Zhang, N. (2022). The role of rumen microbiota and its metabolites in subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA)-induced inflammatory diseases of ruminants. Microorganisms, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10081495"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7141","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2022-21960","article-title":"Invited review: Effect of subacute ruminal acidosis on gut health of dairy cows","volume":"105","author":"Plaizier","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/14\/2\/263\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T13:46:45Z","timestamp":1760104005000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/14\/2\/263"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,15]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["ani14020263"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani14020263","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,15]]}}}