{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T07:29:02Z","timestamp":1768289342480,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,18]],"date-time":"2024-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705536000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Excellent Youth Foundation of Jiangsu","award":["BK20220117"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20220117"]}]},{"name":"Excellent Youth Foundation of Jiangsu","award":["32372861"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32372861"]}]},{"name":"Excellent Youth Foundation of Jiangsu","award":["YZ2022206"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YZ2022206"]}]},{"name":"Excellent Youth Foundation of Jiangsu","award":["2020M681746"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020M681746"]}]},{"name":"Excellent Youth Foundation of Jiangsu","award":["YZ2021175"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YZ2021175"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["BK20220117"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20220117"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["32372861"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32372861"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["YZ2022206"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YZ2022206"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2020M681746"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020M681746"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["YZ2021175"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YZ2021175"]}]},{"name":"International Science and Technology Cooperation Projects of Yangzhou","award":["BK20220117"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20220117"]}]},{"name":"International Science and Technology Cooperation Projects of Yangzhou","award":["32372861"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32372861"]}]},{"name":"International Science and Technology Cooperation Projects of Yangzhou","award":["YZ2022206"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YZ2022206"]}]},{"name":"International Science and Technology Cooperation Projects of Yangzhou","award":["2020M681746"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020M681746"]}]},{"name":"International Science and Technology Cooperation Projects of Yangzhou","award":["YZ2021175"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YZ2021175"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BK20220117"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20220117"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32372861"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32372861"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["YZ2022206"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YZ2022206"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020M681746"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020M681746"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["YZ2021175"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YZ2021175"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Yangzhou international Science and Technology Cooperation Projects","award":["BK20220117"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20220117"]}]},{"name":"Yangzhou international Science and Technology Cooperation Projects","award":["32372861"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32372861"]}]},{"name":"Yangzhou international Science and Technology Cooperation Projects","award":["YZ2022206"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YZ2022206"]}]},{"name":"Yangzhou international Science and Technology Cooperation Projects","award":["2020M681746"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020M681746"]}]},{"name":"Yangzhou international Science and Technology Cooperation Projects","award":["YZ2021175"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YZ2021175"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent years, inducing pluripotent stem cells to differentiate into functional primordial germ cells (PGCs) in vitro has become an important method of obtaining a large number of PGCs. However, the instability and low induction efficiency of the in vitro PGC induction system restrict the application of PGCs in transgenic animal production, germplasm resource conservation and other fields. In this study, we successfully established a two-step induction model of chicken PGCs in vitro, which significantly improved the formation efficiency of PGC-like cells (PGCLCs). To further improve the PGC formation efficiency in vitro, 5025 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained between embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and PGCs through RNA-seq. GO and KEGG enrichment analysis revealed that signaling pathways such as BMP4, Wnt and Notch were significantly activated during PGC formation, similar to other species. In addition, we noted that cAMP was activated during PGC formation, while MAPK was suppressed. Based on the results of our analysis, we found that the PGC formation efficiency was significantly improved after activating Wnt and inhibiting MAPK, and was lower than after activating cAMP. To sum up, in this study, we successfully established a two-step induction model of chicken PGCs in vitro with high PGC formation efficiency, which lays a theoretical foundation for further demonstrating the regulatory mechanism of PGCs and realizing their specific applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14020302","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,18]],"date-time":"2024-01-18T11:28:46Z","timestamp":1705577326000},"page":"302","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The Establishment and Optimization of a Chicken Primordial Germ Cell Induction Model Using Small-Molecule Compounds"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Wei","family":"Gong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juanjuan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zeling","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0222-8389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yani","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yingjie","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5692-4577","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bichun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qisheng","family":"Zuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding Reproduction and Molecular Design for Jiangsu Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"dev189217","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.189217","article-title":"Mammalian Primordial Germ Cell 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