{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T16:23:34Z","timestamp":1771518214853,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,25]],"date-time":"2024-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706140800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008771","name":"Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency and the Ministry of Agriculture Food and Rural Affairs, Republic of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["B-1543083-2022-23-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B-1543083-2022-23-03"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008771","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The bovine coronavirus (BCoV) KBR-1 strain, obtained from calf diarrhea samples collected in 2017, belongs to group GIIa. To attenuate this strain, it was subcultured continuously (up to 79 times) in HRT-18 cells, followed by 80\u2013120 passages in MDBK cells. The KBR-1-p120 strain harvested from MDBK cells at passage 120 harbored 13 amino acid mutations in the spike gene. Additionally, the KBR-1-p120 strain showed a high viral titer and cytopathogenic effects in MDBK cells. Seven-day-old calves (negative for BCoV antigen and antibodies) that did not consume colostrum were orally inoculated with the attenuated candidate strain (KBR-1-p120), or with KBR-1 passaged 10 times (KBR-1-p10) in HRT-18 cells. Calves inoculated with KBR-1-p10 had a low diarrhea score, and BCoV RNA was detected at 3\u20137 days post-inoculation (DPI). The virus was also present in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum at autopsy; however, calves inoculated with KBR-1-p120 had low levels of BCoV RNA in feces at 4\u20136 DPI, and no diarrhea. In addition, an extremely small amount of BCoV RNA was present in the jejunum and ileum at autopsy. The small intestines of calves inoculated with KBR-1-p120 were emulsified and used to infect calves two more times, but pathogenicity was not recovered. Therefore, the KBR-1-p120 strain has potential as a live vaccine candidate.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14030389","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,25]],"date-time":"2024-01-25T06:54:12Z","timestamp":1706165652000},"page":"389","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Characterization and Spike Gene Analysis of a Candidate Attenuated Live Bovine Coronavirus Vaccine"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Gyu-Nam","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"SeEun","family":"Choe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sok","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ki-Sun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jihye","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7288-1858","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Byung-Hyun","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Soo Hyun","family":"Moon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bang-Hun","family":"Hyun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5690-4039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong-Jun","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virus Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Fauquet, C.M., Mayo, M.A., Maniloff, J., Desselberger, U., and Ball, L.A. 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