{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:30:58Z","timestamp":1787027458021,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706745600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of monochromatic illuminations at wavelengths of white (400\u2013700 nm), green (560 nm), yellow (580 nm), blue (480 nm), and red (660 nm) on the performance and behavioral traits of Japanese quails throughout their fattening period. A total of 300 quails in five lighting experimental groups were housed in their conventional rearing cages. Weekly live weights of quails were measured individually, developmental stability was determined, and behavior and fear tests were performed. The body weight averages of quails exposed to blue, green, and yellow light were determined to be greater than those exposed to white and red light (p &lt; 0.05). In terms of the mature weight parameter and the weight of the inflection point of the Gompertz growth model, the averages of the quails exposed to green and blue monochromatic lighting were higher (p &lt; 0.05). The most negative findings on aggressive behavior were observed in birds exposed to monochromatic yellow and red light. Although the body weight of quails exposed to yellow monochromatic lighting was similar to that of quails exposed to green and blue monochromatic lighting, green and blue monochromatic lighting produced the best results in terms of growth, behavior, and developmental stability characteristics. Consequently, it is believed that consistently using green or blue monochromatic lighting programs when raising Japanese quails may provide economic advantages to the producers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14030482","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T09:04:21Z","timestamp":1706778261000},"page":"482","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The Behavioral and Productive Characteristics of Japanese Quails (Coturnix japonica) Exposed to Different Monochromatic Lighting"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8400-3484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sezgi","family":"Karal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Akdeniz University, 07070 Antalya, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6218-0241","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Firdevs","family":"Korkmaz Turgud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Akdeniz University, 07070 Antalya, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8844-4412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Do\u011fan","family":"Narin\u00e7","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Akdeniz University, 07070 Antalya, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0546-3034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Aygun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Sel\u00e7uk University, 42130 Konya, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pex371","article-title":"Effect of fluorescent vs. poultry-specific light-emitting diode lights on production performance and egg quality of W-36 laying hens","volume":"97","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"437","article-title":"Effect of light management in broiler production: A review","volume":"7","author":"Pal","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Entomol. Zool. Stud."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Sabrout, K., El-Deek, A., Ahmad, S., Usman, M., Dantas, M.R.T., and Souza-Junior, J.B.F. (2022). Lighting, density, and dietary strategies to improve poultry behavior, health, and production. J. Anim. Behav. Biometeorol., 10.","DOI":"10.31893\/jabb.22012"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1080\/00439339.2022.2007509","article-title":"Evaluation of light emitting diode characteristics on growth performance of different poultry species: A review","volume":"78","author":"Oso","year":"2022","journal-title":"World Poult. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"38","article-title":"Exposing hatching quail eggs to high light intensity and its effect on post-hatch testicular histology","volume":"19","year":"2022","journal-title":"Poult. Stud."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1079\/WPS20000015","article-title":"Poultry and coloured light","volume":"56","author":"Lewis","year":"2000","journal-title":"World Poult. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2042","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2008.06.018","article-title":"A review of the evolution of animal colour vision and visual communication signals","volume":"48","author":"Osorio","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vis. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2013-03799","article-title":"Red light is necessary to activate the reproductive axis in chickens independently of the retina of the eye","volume":"93","author":"Baxter","year":"2014","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731108002012","article-title":"Calculating luminous flux and lighting levels for domesticated mammals and birds","volume":"2","author":"Saunders","year":"2008","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/83.5.842","article-title":"The effect of a green and blue monochromatic light combination on broiler growth and development","volume":"83","author":"Rozenboim","year":"2004","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0264.2008.00849.x","article-title":"Effects of monochromatic light on proliferation response of splencyte in broilers","volume":"37","author":"Xie","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anat. Histol. Embryol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-020-02432-1","article-title":"Evaluation of light colour manipulation on physiological response and growth performance of broiler chickens","volume":"53","author":"Oke","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/S1095-6433(98)10032-6","article-title":"Various light source treatments affect body and skeletal muscle growth by affecting skeletal muscle satellite cell proliferation in broilers","volume":"120","author":"Halevy","year":"1998","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Phys. A"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"285","article-title":"Influence of lighting on production and agonistic behaviour of broiler","volume":"3","author":"Solangi","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Anim. Vet. Adv."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25972","DOI":"10.1038\/srep25972","article-title":"A new method to manipulate broiler chicken growth and metabolism: Response to mixed LED light system","volume":"6","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.2141\/jpsa.0130049","article-title":"A comparison of monochromatic and mixed LED light color on performance, bone mineral density, meat and blood properties, and immunity of broiler chicks","volume":"51","author":"Hassan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Poult. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2012-02945","article-title":"Growth performance and hematological traits of broiler chickens reared under assorted monochromatic light sources","volume":"92","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.2141\/jpsa.0130105","article-title":"Effect of combinations of monochromatic LED light color on the performance and behavior of laying hens","volume":"51","author":"Hassan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Poult. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.3923\/ijps.2015.383.386","article-title":"Effect of different LED light colors on development of the reproductive system of quails","volume":"14","author":"Almeida","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1590\/1806-9061-2015-0176","article-title":"Effect of LED lighting colors for laying Japanese quails","volume":"18","author":"Nunes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Braz. J. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1017\/S0043933909000415","article-title":"What are quail good for in a chicken-focused world?","volume":"65","author":"Minvielle","year":"2009","journal-title":"World Poult. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"425","article-title":"Effects of mass selection based on phenotype and early feed restriction on the performance and carcass characteristics in Japanese quails","volume":"18","author":"Aksoy","year":"2012","journal-title":"Kafkas Univ. Vet. Fak. Derg."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"231","article-title":"Effects of multi-trait selection on phenotypic and genetic changes in a meat type dam line of Japanese quail","volume":"20","author":"Aksoy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Kafkas Univ. Vet. Fak. Derg."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.2141\/jpsa.0150068","article-title":"Effects of multi-trait selection on phenotypic and genetic changes in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)","volume":"53","author":"Aksoy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Poult. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"104","article-title":"Growth curve parameters of lines of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica), unselected and selected for four-week body weight","volume":"62","author":"Akbas","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch. Geflugelkd."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1017\/S0043933916001082","article-title":"Growth curve analyses in poultry science","volume":"73","year":"2017","journal-title":"World Poult. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"272","article-title":"Genetic parameter estimates of fear, growth, and carcass characteristics in Japanese quail","volume":"45","year":"2021","journal-title":"Turk. J. Vet. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2385","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pey105","article-title":"Effects of monochromatic light stimuli during embryogenesis on some performance traits, behavior, and fear responses in Japanese quails","volume":"97","author":"Korkmaz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/81.10.1448","article-title":"Estimation of heritability for heterophil: Lymphocyte ratio in chickens by restricted maximum likelihood. Effects of age, sex, and crossing","volume":"81","author":"Campo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.33988\/auvfd.796045","article-title":"Comparison of growth and developmental stability traits of Japanese quails reared in conventional and enriched cages","volume":"69","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ank. \u00dcniversitesi Vet. Fak\u00fcltesi Derg."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/86.1.37","article-title":"Effect of lighting stress on fluctuating asymmetry, heterophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, and tonic immobility duration in eleven breeds of chickens","volume":"86","author":"Campo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3013","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2012-02413","article-title":"Effect of combinations of monochromatic lights on growth and productive performance of broilers","volume":"91","author":"Cao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/83.8.1413","article-title":"Monochromatic light stimuli during embryogenesis enhance embryo development and posthatch growth","volume":"83","author":"Rozenboim","year":"2004","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1590\/1516-635X1704553-558","article-title":"Performance of broilers reared under monochromatic light emitting diode supplemental lighting","volume":"17","author":"Guevara","year":"2015","journal-title":"Braz. J. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pev360","article-title":"Effects of light sources and intensity on broilers grown to heavy weights. Part 1: Growth performance, carcass characteristics, and welfare indices","volume":"95","author":"Olanrewaju","year":"2016","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"52","article-title":"Effects of color lights on performance, immune response and hematological indices of broilers","volume":"4","author":"Firouzi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. World\u2019s Poult. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2017.02.011","article-title":"Influence of different types of lamps on the reproductive development of male Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)","volume":"94","author":"Retes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.2141\/jpsa.0110142","article-title":"Evaluation of growth functions on Japanese quail lines","volume":"50","author":"Beiki","year":"2013","journal-title":"Poult. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1590\/1806-9061-2015-0066","article-title":"Bayesian analysis for the comparison of nonlinear regression model parameters: An application to the growth of Japanese quail","volume":"18","author":"Firat","year":"2016","journal-title":"Braz. J. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1080\/09712119.2016.1268965","article-title":"Comparison of growth curves using non-linear regression function in Japanese quail","volume":"46","author":"Kaplan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Anim. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2012-02679","article-title":"Effects of colored light-emitting diode illumination on behavior and performance of laying hens","volume":"92","author":"Suter","year":"2013","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1080\/1828051X.2020.1821802","article-title":"Effect of different monochromatic LED light colour and intensity on growth performance, physiological response and fear reactions in broiler chicken","volume":"19","author":"Mohamed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ital. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.3184\/175815513X13739879772128","article-title":"The effect of monochromatic and mixed LED light colour on the behaviour and fear responses of broiler chicken","volume":"6","author":"Sultana","year":"2013","journal-title":"Avian Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"e94","article-title":"Impact of different monochromatic LED light colours and bird age on the behavioural output and fear response in ducks","volume":"12","author":"Sultana","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ital. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03214027","article-title":"Genetic analysis of tonic immobility in young Japanese quail (Coturnix cotunix japonica)","volume":"4","author":"Benoff","year":"1976","journal-title":"Anim. Learn. Behav."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"coz061","DOI":"10.1093\/conphys\/coz061","article-title":"Effects of traffic noise exposure on corticosterone, glutathione and tonic immobility in chicks of a precocial bird","volume":"7","author":"Flores","year":"2019","journal-title":"Conserv. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.0721132","article-title":"Short-latency stressor effects on tonic immobility fear reactions of Japanese quail divergently selected for adrenocortical responsiveness to immobilization","volume":"72","author":"Satterlee","year":"1993","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1839","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/82.12.1839","article-title":"Relation between tonic immobility and production estimated by factorial correspondence analysis in Japanese quail","volume":"82","author":"Minvielle","year":"2003","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Minvielle, F., Kayang, B.B., Inoue-Murayama, M., Miwa, M., Vignal, A., Gourichon, D., Neau, A., Monvoisin, J.-L., and Ito, S.I. (2005). Microsatellite mapping of QTL affecting growth, feed consumption, egg production, tonic immobility and body temperature of Japanese quail. BMC Genom., 6.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-6-87"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1071\/AN15249","article-title":"Effects of different monochromatic LED light colours on fear reactions and physiological responses in Mulard ducks","volume":"57","author":"Mohamed","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anim. Prod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"57","article-title":"Manipulation of Broiler Growth Performance, Physiological and Fear Responses Using Three Monochromatic LED lights","volume":"53","author":"Mohamed","year":"2017","journal-title":"Alex J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pey302","article-title":"How does red light affect layer production, fear, and stress?","volume":"98","author":"Archer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2027","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pev215","article-title":"Comparison of two LED light bulbs to a dimmable CFL and their effects on broiler chicken growth, stress, and fear","volume":"94","author":"Huth","year":"2015","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2110","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/86.10.2110","article-title":"Experimental stress does not increase fluctuating asymmetry of broiler chickens at slaughter age","volume":"86","author":"Sonck","year":"2007","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02424509","article-title":"Antisymmetry, directional asymmetry and chaotic morphogenesis","volume":"89","author":"Grahm","year":"1993","journal-title":"Genetica"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1999.0743","article-title":"Evidence for organism-wide asymmetry in five bird species of a fragmented afrotropical forest","volume":"266","author":"Lens","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2007.02.014","article-title":"Fluctuating asymmetry as an animal welfare indicator\u2014A review of methodology and validity","volume":"92","author":"Knierim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1086\/375177","article-title":"The ontogeny of fluctuating asymmetry","volume":"161","author":"Kellner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. Nat."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/14\/3\/482\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T13:53:06Z","timestamp":1760104386000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/14\/3\/482"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ani14030482"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani14030482","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]]}}}