{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T12:34:25Z","timestamp":1792154065409,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,21]],"date-time":"2024-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708473600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Insulin-like peptide 3 (INSL3) is a constitutive product of mature, adult-type Leydig cells of the testes and consequently in most mammals is an ideal biomarker with which to monitor pubertal development. A new heterologous time-resolved fluorescence immunoassay was developed and validated to measure circulating INSL3 in the blood of adult male dogs. Compared to other species, INSL3 concentration is low with marked variation between individuals, which appears to be independent of breed, age, or weight. A model system was then used in which a cohort of beagle dogs was subject to a GnRH-agonist implant to suppress the HPG axis and spermatogenesis, followed by implant removal and recovery. Unlike testosterone, INSL3 levels were not fully suppressed in all animals by the GnRH agonist, nor was the recovery of Leydig cell function following implant removal uniform or complete, even after several weeks. In dogs, and dissimilar from other species (including humans), Leydig-cell INSL3 appears to be quite variable between individual dogs and only weakly connected to the physiology of the HPG axis after its suppression by a GnRH-agonist implant and recovery. Consequently, INSL3 may be less useful in this species for the assessment of testis function.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14050675","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,21]],"date-time":"2024-02-21T06:50:22Z","timestamp":1708498222000},"page":"675","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["INSL3 Variation in Dogs Following Suppression and Recovery of the HPG Axis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4976-4314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ravinder","family":"Anand-Ivell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Bioscience, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Acacia Rebello","family":"Coutinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Bioscience, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanzhenzi","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Bioscience, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5800-3106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gary","family":"England","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4327-9780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra","family":"Goericke-Pesch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit for Reproductive Medicine, Clinic for Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Ivell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Bioscience, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK"},{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington LE12 5RD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2022.101622","article-title":"Ageing male (part I): Pathophysiology and diagnosis of functional hypogonadism","volume":"36","author":"Huhtaniemi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Best. 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