{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T20:07:08Z","timestamp":1760731628211,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,22]],"date-time":"2024-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708560000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this study was to describe one-point (preiliac approach) and two-point (preiliac and retrocostal approach) blocks of the Transversus Abdominis Plane (TAP) on a cadaveric model. For this purpose, ultrasound-guided infiltration of the plane between the internal oblique and transversus abdominis muscles was performed and, after dissection of tissues, the areas and percentage of nerve fibers involved were analyzed. Injection into the TAP plexus of a 1 mL\/kg solution of 2% lidocaine and 1% methylene blue (1:1) was performed in 30 rabbit cadavers. In fifteen rabbits (group S), the solution was inoculated at the preiliac level. In the other 15 rabbits (group D), the solution was divided into two inoculations (0.5 mL\/kg at the retrocostal level and 0.5 mL\/kg at the preiliac level). All cadavers were then dissected and stained spinal nerve branches were measured. Moreover, the percentage of length, height and the total area of the stained tissue were calculated. In the S group, T10, T11 and T12 nerve eminences were successfully stained in 18%, 52% and 75% of cases, respectively. Furthermore, L1, L2, L3 and L4 were stained in 95%, 100%, 60% and 40% of cases, respectively. In group D, the ventromedial eminence of T10, T11 and T12 were stained in 68.1%, 100% and 98% of cases, respectively, and L1, L2, L3 and L4 were stained in 88%, 100%, 62% and 31% of cases, respectively. In conclusion, a two-point TAP block is more effective in covering the nerve eminences of the cranial abdomen than the preiliac approach alone.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14050684","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,22]],"date-time":"2024-02-22T11:28:47Z","timestamp":1708601327000},"page":"684","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Transversus Abdominis Plane (TAP) Block in Rabbit Cadavers: Anatomical Description and Measurements of Injectate Spread Using One- and Two-Point Approaches"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Federica","family":"Serino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Bioscience and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62024 Matelica, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3661-4018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Pennasilico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Bioscience and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62024 Matelica, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Margherita","family":"Galosi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Bioscience and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62024 Matelica, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4076-4729","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angela","family":"Palumbo Piccionello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Bioscience and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62024 Matelica, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6590-1876","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adolfo Maria","family":"Tambella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Bioscience and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62024 Matelica, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2031-5961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caterina","family":"Di Bella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Bioscience and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62024 Matelica, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-2995.2008.00397.x","article-title":"The risk of death: The Confidential Enquiry into Perioperative Small Animal Fatalities","volume":"35","author":"Brodbelt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. 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