{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T03:26:17Z","timestamp":1790306777673,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,28]],"date-time":"2024-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709078400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2019-111080RB-C21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-111080RB-C21"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PRIMAS2-11-PCI2019-103698"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRIMAS2-11-PCI2019-103698"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UCO-FEDER-1264967"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UCO-FEDER-1264967"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TED2021-132599B-C22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TED2021-132599B-C22"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LIFEWATCH-2019-04-AMA-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LIFEWATCH-2019-04-AMA-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008679","name":"University of C\u00f3rdoba","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2019-111080RB-C21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-111080RB-C21"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008679","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008679","name":"University of C\u00f3rdoba","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PRIMAS2-11-PCI2019-103698"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRIMAS2-11-PCI2019-103698"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008679","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008679","name":"University of C\u00f3rdoba","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UCO-FEDER-1264967"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UCO-FEDER-1264967"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008679","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008679","name":"University of C\u00f3rdoba","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TED2021-132599B-C22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TED2021-132599B-C22"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008679","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008679","name":"University of C\u00f3rdoba","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LIFEWATCH-2019-04-AMA-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LIFEWATCH-2019-04-AMA-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008679","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033","award":["PID2019-111080RB-C21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-111080RB-C21"]}]},{"name":"MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033","award":["PRIMAS2-11-PCI2019-103698"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRIMAS2-11-PCI2019-103698"]}]},{"name":"MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033","award":["UCO-FEDER-1264967"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UCO-FEDER-1264967"]}]},{"name":"MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033","award":["TED2021-132599B-C22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TED2021-132599B-C22"]}]},{"name":"MCIN\/AEI\/10.13039\/501100011033","award":["LIFEWATCH-2019-04-AMA-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LIFEWATCH-2019-04-AMA-01"]}]},{"name":"FEDER funds","award":["PID2019-111080RB-C21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-111080RB-C21"]}]},{"name":"FEDER funds","award":["PRIMAS2-11-PCI2019-103698"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRIMAS2-11-PCI2019-103698"]}]},{"name":"FEDER funds","award":["UCO-FEDER-1264967"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UCO-FEDER-1264967"]}]},{"name":"FEDER funds","award":["TED2021-132599B-C22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TED2021-132599B-C22"]}]},{"name":"FEDER funds","award":["LIFEWATCH-2019-04-AMA-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LIFEWATCH-2019-04-AMA-01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Coxiella burnetii is an important zoonotic pathogen of worldwide distribution that can infect a wide range of wild and domestic species. The European wild rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) can play a role as a reservoir for this bacterium in certain epidemiological scenarios, but, to date, a very limited numbers of large-scale serosurveys have been conducted for this species worldwide. Although exposure in hare species has also been described, C. burnetii in Iberian hare (Lepus granatensis) has never been assessed. Here, we aimed to determine the seroprevalence and risk factors associated with C. burnetii exposure in wild lagomorphs in the Mediterranean ecosystems of southern Spain. Between the 2018\/2019 and 2021\/2022 hunting seasons, blood samples from 638 wild lagomorphs, including 471 wild rabbits and 167 Iberian hares, were collected from 112 hunting grounds distributed across all eight provinces of Andalusia (southern Spain). The overall apparent individual seroprevalence was 8.9% (57\/638; 95% CI: 6.8\u201311.4). Antibodies against C. burnetii were found in 11.3% (53\/471; 95% CI: 8.4\u201314.1) of the wild rabbits and 2.4% (4\/167; 95% CI: 0.1\u20134.7) of the Iberian hares. Seropositive animals were detected for 16 (14.3%; 95% CI: 7.8\u201320.8) of the 112 hunting grounds tested and in all the hunting seasons sampled. A generalized estimating equations model showed that the geographical area (western Andalusia) and presence of sheep were risk factors potentially associated with C. burnetii exposure in wild lagomorphs. A statistically significant spatial cluster (p &lt; 0.001) was identified in the south-west of Andalusia. Our results provide evidence of moderate, endemic and heterogeneous circulation of C. burnetii in wild lagomorph populations in Spanish Mediterranean ecosystems. Risk-based strategies for integrative surveillance programs should be implemented in these species to reduce the risk of transmission of the bacterium to sympatric species, including humans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14050749","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,28]],"date-time":"2024-02-28T07:56:02Z","timestamp":1709106962000},"page":"749","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Exposure to Coxiella burnetii in Wild Lagomorphs in Spanish Mediterranean Ecosystems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8761-5945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabrina","family":"Castro-Scholten","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Sanidad Animal y Zoonosis (GISAZ), Departamento de Sanidad Animal, UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, Universidad de C\u00f3rdoba, 14014 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6241-3439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Caballero-G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Sanidad Animal y Zoonosis (GISAZ), Departamento de Sanidad Animal, UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, Universidad de C\u00f3rdoba, 14014 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"},{"name":"Grupo de Virolog\u00eda Cl\u00ednica y Zoonosis, Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Maim\u00f3nides de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de C\u00f3rdoba (IMIBIC), Hospital Universitario Reina Sof\u00eda, Universidad de C\u00f3rdoba, 14004 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"},{"name":"CIBERINFEC, ISCIII\u2014CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5657-2567","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Cano-Terriza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Sanidad Animal y Zoonosis (GISAZ), Departamento de Sanidad Animal, UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, Universidad de C\u00f3rdoba, 14014 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"},{"name":"CIBERINFEC, ISCIII\u2014CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0600-5622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D\u00e9bora","family":"Jim\u00e9nez-Mart\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Sanidad Animal y Zoonosis (GISAZ), Departamento de Sanidad Animal, UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, Universidad de C\u00f3rdoba, 14014 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1026-3253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Rouco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento Biolog\u00eda Vegetal y Ecolog\u00eda, \u00c1rea de Ecolog\u00eda, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Sevilla, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adri\u00e1n","family":"Beato-Ben\u00edtez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Sanidad Animal y Zoonosis (GISAZ), Departamento de Sanidad Animal, UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, Universidad de C\u00f3rdoba, 14014 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1079-1729","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonor","family":"Camacho-Sillero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de Vigilancia Epidemiol\u00f3gica de la Fauna Silvestre en Andaluc\u00eda (PVE), Consejer\u00eda de Sostenibilidad, Medio Ambiente y Econom\u00eda Azul, Junta de Andaluc\u00eda, 29002 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3388-2604","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ignacio","family":"Garc\u00eda-Bocanegra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Investigaci\u00f3n en Sanidad Animal y Zoonosis (GISAZ), Departamento de Sanidad Animal, UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes ENZOEM, Universidad de C\u00f3rdoba, 14014 C\u00f3rdoba, Spain"},{"name":"CIBERINFEC, ISCIII\u2014CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA (European Food Safety Authority), and ECDC (European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control) (2022). 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Dis."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/14\/5\/749\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:06:12Z","timestamp":1760105172000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/14\/5\/749"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,28]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ani14050749"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani14050749","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,28]]}}}