{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T11:16:43Z","timestamp":1784114203471,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,4]],"date-time":"2024-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709510400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["32172786"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32172786"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["TDZKZD202203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TDZKZD202203"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["JBGS [2021]101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JBGS [2021]101"]}]},{"name":"Key Project of Tarim University","award":["32172786"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32172786"]}]},{"name":"Key Project of Tarim University","award":["TDZKZD202203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TDZKZD202203"]}]},{"name":"Key Project of Tarim University","award":["JBGS [2021]101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JBGS [2021]101"]}]},{"name":"\u201cJBGS\u201d Project of Breeding Industry Revitalization in Jiangsu Province","award":["32172786"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32172786"]}]},{"name":"\u201cJBGS\u201d Project of Breeding Industry Revitalization in Jiangsu Province","award":["TDZKZD202203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TDZKZD202203"]}]},{"name":"\u201cJBGS\u201d Project of Breeding Industry Revitalization in Jiangsu Province","award":["JBGS [2021]101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JBGS [2021]101"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The fertility rate and litter size of female pigs are critically affected by the expression of estrus. The objective of this study was to elucidate the regulatory mechanisms of estrus expression by analyzing the differential expression of genes and long intergenic non-coding RNAs (lincRNA), as well as the utilization of alternative polyadenylation (APA) sites, in the vulva and vagina during the estrus and diestrus stages of Large White and indigenous Chinese Mi gilts. Our study revealed that the number of differentially expressed genes (DEG) in the vulva was less than that in the vagina, and the DEGs in the vulva were enriched in pathways such as \u201cneural\u201d pathways and steroid hormone responses, including the \u201cCalcium signaling pathway\u201d and \u201cOxytocin signaling pathway\u201d. The DEGs in the vagina were enriched in the \u201cMetabolic pathways\u201d and \u201cVEGF signaling pathway\u201d. Furthermore, 27 and 21 differentially expressed lincRNAs (DEL), whose target genes were enriched in the \u201cEndocrine resistance\u201d pathway, were identified in the vulva and vagina, respectively. Additionally, we observed that 63 and 618 transcripts of the 3\u2032-untranslated region (3\u2032-UTR) were lengthened during estrus in the vulva and vagina, respectively. Interestingly, the genes undergoing APA events in the vulva exhibited species-specific enrichment in neural or steroid-related pathways, whereas those in the vagina were enriched in apoptosis or autophagy-related pathways. Further bioinformatic analysis of these lengthened 3\u2032-UTRs revealed the presence of multiple miRNAs binding sites and cytoplasmic polyadenylation element (CPE) regulatory aspects. In particular, we identified more than 10 CPEs in the validated lengthened 3\u2032-UTRs of the NFIX, PCNX4, CEP162 and ABHD2 genes using RT-qPCR. These findings demonstrated the involvement of APA and lincRNAs in the regulation of estrus expression in female pigs, providing new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying estrus expression in pigs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14050791","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,4]],"date-time":"2024-03-04T10:11:57Z","timestamp":1709547117000},"page":"791","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Deciphering Estrus Expression in Gilts: The Role of Alternative Polyadenylation and LincRNAs in Reproductive Transcriptomics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Mingzheng","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiahao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunlei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuhan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaohuan","family":"Chao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asim","family":"Muhammad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2857-8536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bo","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weiping","family":"Ao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar 843300, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8614-7198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Allan P.","family":"Schinckel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2054, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037129","DOI":"10.3389\/fphy.2022.1037129","article-title":"Automatic detection of sow posture and estrus based on convolutional neural network","volume":"10","author":"Xue","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. 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