{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T03:38:04Z","timestamp":1790307484278,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":133,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,8]],"date-time":"2024-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709856000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Provincial Animal Husbandry and Epidemic Prevention Special Fund Project in Shaanxi, China","award":["XNDY2207"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XNDY2207"]}]},{"name":"Provincial Animal Husbandry and Epidemic Prevention Special Fund Project in Shaanxi, China","award":["NYKJ-2022-YL(XN)09"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NYKJ-2022-YL(XN)09"]}]},{"name":"Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation-Driven Project in Shaanxi, China","award":["XNDY2207"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XNDY2207"]}]},{"name":"Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation-Driven Project in Shaanxi, China","award":["NYKJ-2022-YL(XN)09"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NYKJ-2022-YL(XN)09"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>During the transition period, dairy cows exhibit heightened energy requirements to sustain fetal growth and lactogenesis. The mammary gland and the growing fetus increase their demand for glucose, leading to the mobilization of lipids to support the function of tissues that can use fatty acids as energy substrates. These physiological adaptations lead to negative energy balance, metabolic inflammation, and transient insulin resistance (IR), processes that are part of the normal homeorhetic adaptations related to parturition and subsequent lactation. Insulin resistance is characterized by a reduced biological response of insulin-sensitive tissues to normal physiological concentrations of insulin. Metabolic inflammation is characterized by a chronic, low-level inflammatory state that is strongly associated with metabolic disorders. The relationship between IR and metabolic inflammation in transitioning cows is intricate and mutually influential. On one hand, IR may play a role in the initiation of metabolic inflammation by promoting lipolysis in adipose tissue and increasing the release of free fatty acids. Metabolic inflammation, conversely, triggers inflammatory signaling pathways by pro-inflammatory cytokines, thereby leading to impaired insulin signaling. The interaction of these factors results in a harmful cycle in which IR and metabolic inflammation mutually reinforce each other. This article offers a comprehensive review of recent advancements in the research on IR, metabolic inflammation, and their intricate interrelationship. The text delves into multiple facets of physiological regulation, pathogenesis, and their consequent impacts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14060832","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,8]],"date-time":"2024-03-08T03:52:11Z","timestamp":1709869931000},"page":"832","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["The Complex Interplay of Insulin Resistance and Metabolic Inflammation in Transition Dairy Cows"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Kaixi","family":"Qiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renjiao","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4969-2178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Genaro Andres","family":"Contreras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6537-7632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lei","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5305-2133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Osvaldo Bogado","family":"Pascottini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6131-1000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Geert","family":"Opsomer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9286-0865","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiang","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"387","article-title":"Applying nutrition and physiology to improve reproduction in dairy cattle","volume":"67","author":"Santos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Soc. 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