{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:30:53Z","timestamp":1787027453588,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]],"date-time":"2024-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710806400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation","award":["01.14.09.001.03.03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01.14.09.001.03.03"]}]},{"name":"Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation","award":["2019\/04528-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019\/04528-6"]}]},{"name":"Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation","award":["Projeto Rural Sustent\u00e1vel-Cerrado"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Projeto Rural Sustent\u00e1vel-Cerrado"]}]},{"name":"Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]},{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation-FAPESP","award":["01.14.09.001.03.03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01.14.09.001.03.03"]}]},{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation-FAPESP","award":["2019\/04528-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019\/04528-6"]}]},{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation-FAPESP","award":["Projeto Rural Sustent\u00e1vel-Cerrado"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Projeto Rural Sustent\u00e1vel-Cerrado"]}]},{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation-FAPESP","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]},{"name":"Brazilian Institute for Development and Sustainability","award":["01.14.09.001.03.03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01.14.09.001.03.03"]}]},{"name":"Brazilian Institute for Development and Sustainability","award":["2019\/04528-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019\/04528-6"]}]},{"name":"Brazilian Institute for Development and Sustainability","award":["Projeto Rural Sustent\u00e1vel-Cerrado"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Projeto Rural Sustent\u00e1vel-Cerrado"]}]},{"name":"Brazilian Institute for Development and Sustainability","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]},{"name":"Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel in Brazil, CAPES","award":["01.14.09.001.03.03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01.14.09.001.03.03"]}]},{"name":"Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel in Brazil, CAPES","award":["2019\/04528-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019\/04528-6"]}]},{"name":"Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel in Brazil, CAPES","award":["Projeto Rural Sustent\u00e1vel-Cerrado"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Projeto Rural Sustent\u00e1vel-Cerrado"]}]},{"name":"Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel in Brazil, CAPES","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]},{"name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development, CNPq","award":["01.14.09.001.03.03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01.14.09.001.03.03"]}]},{"name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development, CNPq","award":["2019\/04528-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019\/04528-6"]}]},{"name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development, CNPq","award":["Projeto Rural Sustent\u00e1vel-Cerrado"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Projeto Rural Sustent\u00e1vel-Cerrado"]}]},{"name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development, CNPq","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]},{"name":"Pr\u00f3-Reitoria de Pesquisa e P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o (PROPESP\/UFPA)","award":["01.14.09.001.03.03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01.14.09.001.03.03"]}]},{"name":"Pr\u00f3-Reitoria de Pesquisa e P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o (PROPESP\/UFPA)","award":["2019\/04528-6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019\/04528-6"]}]},{"name":"Pr\u00f3-Reitoria de Pesquisa e P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o (PROPESP\/UFPA)","award":["Projeto Rural Sustent\u00e1vel-Cerrado"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Projeto Rural Sustent\u00e1vel-Cerrado"]}]},{"name":"Pr\u00f3-Reitoria de Pesquisa e P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o (PROPESP\/UFPA)","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The behavior of ruminants can influence their productive efficiency. The aim of this study was to evaluate the behavior of young zebu and composite bulls kept in pasture production systems, either in a crop-livestock-forest integration or without afforestation. The work was carried out in S\u00e3o Carlos, Brazil (21\u00b057\u203242\u2033 S, 47\u00b050\u203228\u2033 W), in a high-altitude tropical climate, from March to July, 2022. Forty young bulls were evaluated, being 20 Nelore (Bos indicus) (342.5 \u00b1 36.6 kg BW; 16.9 \u00b1 1.8 months) and 20 Canchim (5\/8 Bos taurus \u00d7 3\/8 Bos indicus) (338.4 \u00b1 39.8 kg BW; 19.1 \u00b1 1.9 months), equally distributed in full-sun (FS) and integrated crop\u2013livestock\u2013forestry (ICLF) production systems. Behavior was monitored uninterruptedly by an acoustic sensor and accelerometer attached to a collar, and complemented by direct visual assessment, in two one-day campaigns per month. Serum cortisol concentration was assessed monthly. Statistical analyses were conducted using a general linear model at a 5% significance level (SAS, version 9.4). The ICLF system had a milder microclimate and favored thermal comfort. Natural shading influenced grazing, resting, and rumination time. The Canchim bulls were more active when moving and grazing (p &lt; 0.05), even at the hottest times of the day. In turn, the Nelore bulls spent more time resting at all times (p &lt; 0.001), which was shown to be an adaptive strategy in response to environmental stimuli. The Canchim bulls had a longer rumination time than the Nelore bulls (p &lt; 0.001), due to their longer grazing time. The frequency of water and mineral mixture intake did not differ between genotypes, regardless of the production system (p &gt; 0.05). There was no difference in the serum cortisol concentrations of the Nelore and Canchim bulls kept in FS or ICLF (p = 0.082). Thus, young bulls of the different genotypes showed different behaviors, regardless of whether they were kept on pasture without afforestation or in an integrated crop\u2013livestock\u2013forestry system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14060944","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]],"date-time":"2024-03-19T09:39:31Z","timestamp":1710841171000},"page":"944","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Differences in the Behavioral Parameters of Young Zebu and Composite Bulls Kept on Non-Forested or in Integrated Crop\u2013Livestock\u2013Forestry Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1175-177X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana Juc\u00e1","family":"Moraes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Par\u00e1, Av. dos Universit\u00e1rios, s\/n, Castanhal 68746-360, PA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2897-6924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erick Fonseca de","family":"Castilho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Health and Production, Federal Rural University of the Amazon, Av. Perimetral, Bel\u00e9m 66077-830, PA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0540-1850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00falio Cesar de Carvalho","family":"Balieiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, Pirassununga 13630-520, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0131-9235","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto Carlos de Campos","family":"Bernardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Embrapa Southeast Livestock, Rod. Washington Luiz, S\u00e3o Carlos 13560-970, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6809-4782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9a do Nascimento","family":"Barreto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Par\u00e1, Av. dos Universit\u00e1rios, s\/n, Castanhal 68746-360, PA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2402-896X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L\u00edvia Ferreira","family":"Pinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Par\u00e1, Av. dos Universit\u00e1rios, s\/n, Castanhal 68746-360, PA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9915-2001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanna Galhardo","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, Pirassununga 13630-520, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7842-8460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriela Novais","family":"Azevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, Central University Centre of S\u00e3o Paulo, R. Miguel Petroni, S\u00e3o Carlos 13563-470, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1760-6663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Let\u00edcia Kr\u00fcgner","family":"Zanetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Medicine, Central University Centre of S\u00e3o Paulo, R. 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