{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T03:25:24Z","timestamp":1788837924834,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,20]],"date-time":"2024-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710892800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"McNeese State University","award":["0073"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0073"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Uninfected alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) exhibited high constitutive levels of hepatic gene expression related to immune function, whereas the highest-expressed hepatic genes of uninfected mice were related to metabolism. Intraperitoneal challenge of mice with bacterial lipopolysaccharide results in dramatic inflammatory effects including peritoneal ascites, febrile response, dramatic alterations in electrophoretic serum profile, and mortality. In contrast, coelomic injection of alligators with 200\u00d7 the murine LD50 of intraperitoneal bacterial lipopolysaccharide resulted in no changes in serum protein profiles, behavioral effects, mortality, and no coelomic ascites. However, injection of juvenile alligators with live bacteria resulted in a titer-dependent decrease in metabolic rate, as measured by oxygen consumption. These results are the opposite of those observed for mammalian and avian species. The decreased oxygen consumption was not accompanied by changes in heart or respiration rate, indicating that this phenomenon was not due to bradycardia or bradypnea. Interestingly, challenge of alligators with bacteria resulted in the complete expulsion of digestive tract contents within four hours. We interpret these activities as temporary minimization of other biological systemic activities to redirect and devote energy to immune function. The reallocation of resources within an organism to fight infection without increases in metabolic rate has not been described in other animals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14060965","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,20]],"date-time":"2024-03-20T13:09:36Z","timestamp":1710940176000},"page":"965","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Constitutive Innate Immunity and Systemic Responses to Infection of the American Alligator (Alligator mississippiensis)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6444-4012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark","family":"Merchant","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, McNeese State University, Lake Charles, LA 70605, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Hebert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, McNeese State University, Lake Charles, LA 70605, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna C.","family":"Salvador","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Science, McNeese State University, Lake Charles, LA 70605, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Berken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematical Sciences, McNeese State University, Lake Charles, LA 70605, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Boverie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, McNeese State University, Lake Charles, LA 70605, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary E.","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Southeastern Louisiana University, Hammond, LA 70402, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2435.2010.01777.x","article-title":"Fitness consequences of immune responses: Strengthening the empirical framework for ecoimmunology","volume":"25","author":"Graham","year":"2011","journal-title":"Funct. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tobler, M., Ballen, C., Healy, M., and Olsson, M. (2015). Oxidant trade-offs in immunity: An experimental test in a lizard. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0126155"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-305X(02)00032-0","article-title":"Bacteriolytic activity of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) complement","volume":"26","author":"Nikoskelainen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/0145-305X(81)90016-1","article-title":"Temperature effects on ectotherm immune responses","volume":"5","author":"Wright","year":"1989","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1007\/s00360-018-1160-7","article-title":"Staying hot to fight the heat\u2014High body temperatures accompany a diurnal endothermic lifestyle in the tropics","volume":"188","author":"Levesque","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1007\/s00360-017-1074-9","article-title":"Embracing heterothermic diversity: Non-stationary waveform analysis of temperature variation in endotherms","volume":"187","author":"Levesque","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-5347(89)90211-5","article-title":"Evolution of thermal sensitivity of ectotherm performance","volume":"4","author":"Huey","year":"1989","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1086\/670191","article-title":"Thermal sensitivity of immune function: Evidence against a generalist-specialist trade-off among endothermic and ectothermic vertebrates","volume":"181","author":"Butler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Amer. Nat."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(96)05685-1","article-title":"The immune system of ectothermic vertebrates","volume":"54","author":"Flajnik","year":"1996","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunobiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-065X.2000.917309.x","article-title":"Innate immune recognition: Mechanisms and pathways","volume":"173","author":"Medzhitov","year":"2000","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.24.021605.090542","article-title":"The evolution of adaptive immunity","volume":"24","author":"Pancer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.553","article-title":"Characterization of phospholipase A2 activity in serum of the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis)","volume":"311","author":"Merchant","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Exper. Zool. A"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpb.2009.07.010","article-title":"Characterization of dipeptidyl peptidase IV enzyme activity in the blood of the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis)","volume":"154","author":"Merchant","year":"2009","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpc.2005.03.009","article-title":"Identification of serum complement activity in the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis)","volume":"141","author":"Merchant","year":"2005","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.392","article-title":"Iron withholding as an innate immune mechanism in the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis)","volume":"307A","author":"Merchant","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Exper. Zool. A"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2007.09.016","article-title":"Febrile response in the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis)","volume":"148","author":"Merchant","year":"2007","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-018-0003-9","article-title":"A cold-blooded view of adaptive immunity","volume":"18","author":"Flajnik","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-305X(79)80042-7","article-title":"Phylogeny of lymphocyte heterogeneity. IV. Evidence for T-like and B-like cells in reptiles","volume":"3","author":"Cuchens","year":"1979","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-305X(79)80025-7","article-title":"Phylogeny of lymphocyte heterogeneity. III. Mitogenic response of reptilian lymphocytes","volume":"3","author":"Cuchens","year":"1979","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Alston, B. (2019). Humoral Immune Responses to Select Bacterial Pathogens in the American Alligator, Alligator mississippiensis. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Clemson University]."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2144","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12325","article-title":"IgY: A key isotype in antibody evolution","volume":"92","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"783","article-title":"Techniques for blood collection and intravascular infusion of reptiles","volume":"25","author":"Olson","year":"1975","journal-title":"Lab. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40340","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2013.00034","article-title":"Measuring energy metabolism in the mouse-theoretical, practical, and analytical considerations","volume":"4","author":"Speakman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"49","article-title":"Eine mikromethode zur bestimmung des kaloriengehalts von Nahrstoffen","volume":"275","author":"Ivlev","year":"1934","journal-title":"Biochem. Z."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.97.1.1","article-title":"Energetics and mechanics of terrestrial locomotion. I. Metabolic energy consumption as a function of speed and body size in birds and mammals","volume":"97","author":"Taylor","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Exper. Biol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1093\/icb\/29.3.921","article-title":"Biochemistry and physiology of alligator metabolism in vivo","volume":"29","author":"Coulson","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am. Zool."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-79-19302","article-title":"Hibernation in the alligator","volume":"79","author":"Hernandez","year":"1952","journal-title":"Exper. Biol Med."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"83","article-title":"Treatment of inoperable malignant tumors with the toxins of Erysipelas and the Bacillus prodigiosus","volume":"108","author":"Coley","year":"1894","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1038\/357011a0","article-title":"Coley\u2019s toxins in perspective","volume":"357","author":"Starnes","year":"1992","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/0163-7258(94)90023-X","article-title":"Coley\u2019s toxins, tumor necrosis factor and cancer research: A historical perspective","volume":"64","author":"Wiemann","year":"1994","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199105000-00013","article-title":"Oxygen consumption in sepsis and septic shock","volume":"19","author":"Tuchschmidt","year":"1991","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000002065","article-title":"Relative bradycardia in patients with septic shock requiring vapopressor therapy","volume":"45","author":"Beesley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-199039060-00004","article-title":"Therapy of toxic shock syndrome","volume":"39","author":"Todd","year":"2012","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"167","article-title":"Bacterial lipopolysaccharides and innate immunity","volume":"7","author":"Alexander","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Endotoxin Res."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Lutterschmidt, W. (2013). Reptiles in Research: Investigations of Ecology, Physiology, and Behavior from Desert to Sea, Nova Science Publishers, Inc."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"517","article-title":"Acute phase responses in animals: A review","volume":"59","author":"Cray","year":"2009","journal-title":"Comp. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626540","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.626540","article-title":"Changes in serum protein electrophoresis profile in dogs with pyometra","volume":"8","author":"Yoon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koene, M., Mulder, H., Stockhofe-Zurwieden, N., Krujit, L., and Smits, M. (2012). Serum protein profiles as potential biomarkers for infectious disease status in pigs. BMC Vet. Res., 8.","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-8-32"},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Tothova, C., Mihajlovicova, X., and Nagy, O. (2017). Ruminants\u2014The Husbandry, Economic and Health Aspects, IntechOpen."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Tulley, T., Dorrestein, G., and Jones, A. (2009). Clinical Tests in Handbook of Avian Medicine, Elsevier Ltd.. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"249","article-title":"Rapid changes in the total serum protein and globulin levels in complications caused by facultatively pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria","volume":"35","author":"Petras","year":"1978","journal-title":"Acta Med. Acad. Sci. Hung."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Kaneko, J.J., Harvey, J.W., and Bruss, M.L. (1997). Clinical Biochemistry of Domestic Animals, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"107","article-title":"Changes in hepatic gene expression after infection in alligators (Alligator mississippiensis)","volume":"23","author":"Merchant","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1868","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1420-9101.2010.02053.x","article-title":"Metabolic rates, genetic constraints, and the evolution of endothermy","volume":"23","author":"Hayes","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Evol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"1056","article-title":"The covariance between metabolic rate and behavior varies across behaviours and thermal types: Meta-analytic insights","volume":"93","author":"Mathot","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Knotek, Z., Musilova, A., Pinterova, K., and Knotkova, Z. (2015, January 15\u201318). Plasma Protein Electrophoresis as a Diagnostic Tool for Endangered Asian reptiles. Proceedings of the 40th World Small Animal Veterinary Association Congress, Bangkok, Thailand. Available online: https:\/\/www.vin.com\/apputil\/project\/defaultadv1.aspx?pid=14365&catid=&id=7259164&meta=&authorid=."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.155.9.266","article-title":"Comparative haematology and blood chemistry of endangered lizards (Gallotia species) in the Canary Islands","volume":"155","author":"Silvestre","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-37.3.574","article-title":"Immune status of free-ranging green turtles with fibropapillomatosis from Hawaii","volume":"37","author":"Work","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.5818\/1529-9651.12.1.30","article-title":"Protein electrophoresis: A tool for the reptilian and amphibian practitioner","volume":"12","author":"Zaias","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Herpetol. Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"129","article-title":"Electrophoretic proteinogram reference interval from Argentina Northeastern captive caimans (crocodylia: Alligatoridae)","volume":"8","author":"Coppo","year":"2006","journal-title":"InVet"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.4236\/abc.2017.74010","article-title":"Comparison of phospholipase A2 immune activity in 23 species of crocodilians","volume":"7","author":"Merchant","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2006.01.018","article-title":"Effects of bacterial lipopolysaccharide on peripheral leukocytes in the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis)","volume":"111","author":"Merchant","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. B"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/S1096-4959(03)00256-2","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of the serum of the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis)","volume":"136","author":"Merchant","year":"2003","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"238","article-title":"Antibiotic activity in the plasma of the broad snouted caiman (Caiman latirostris)","volume":"49","author":"Siroski","year":"2009","journal-title":"Zool. Stud."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"64","article-title":"Characterization of serum complement activity of the broad snouted caiman (Caiman latirostris, Crocodilia: Alligatoridae)","volume":"49","author":"Siroski","year":"2010","journal-title":"Zool. Stud."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4062","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0903002","article-title":"Metabolic shifts in immunity and inflammation","volume":"84","author":"Kominsky","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(03)00120-X","article-title":"Cellular motility driven by assembly and disassembly of actin filaments","volume":"112","author":"Pollard","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-007-0277-z","article-title":"Hypoxia and gastrointestinal disease","volume":"85","author":"Taylor","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1710","article-title":"Fuel feeds function: Energy metabolism and the T-cell response","volume":"5","author":"Fox","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1685","article-title":"Regulation of immune cells by local-tissue oxygen tension: HIF1 alpha adenosine receptors","volume":"5","author":"Sitkovsky","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Coulson, R., and Hernandez, T. (1964). Biochemistry of the Alligator: A Study of Metabolism in Slow Motion, Louisiana State University Press."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"158","article-title":"Bioelectric potentials of the Alligator mississippiensis","volume":"8","author":"Obrist","year":"1956","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1960.198.4.861","article-title":"Effect of temperature on the heart in the alligator","volume":"198","author":"Wilber","year":"1960","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1163\/15685381-bja10013","article-title":"Cardiac response to stimulation and stress in the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis)","volume":"41","author":"Young","year":"2020","journal-title":"Amphibia-Reptilia"},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"49","article-title":"Effecto de los cambios de temperature sobre los frequencias cardiaca y respiratoria de logarto [Alligator mississippiensis]","volume":"12","author":"Campos","year":"1964","journal-title":"Rev. Biol. Trop."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Webb, G., Manolis, C., and Whitehead, P. (1987). Wildlife Management: Crocodiles and Alligators, Surrey Beatty and Sons in Association with the Conservation Commission of the Northern Territory."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0305-0491(83)90418-2","article-title":"Alligator metabolism, studies on chemical reaction in vivo","volume":"74","author":"Coulson","year":"1983","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0706.2000.880110.x","article-title":"Trade-offs in evolutionary immunology: Just what is the cost of immunity?","volume":"88","author":"Lochmiller","year":"2000","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"961","article-title":"The cost of immunity","volume":"50","author":"Klasing","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Zool. Sin."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ecolsys-040212-092530","article-title":"Inflammation: Mechanisms, costs, and natural variation","volume":"43","author":"Ashley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Rev. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2005.10.001","article-title":"Broad spectrum antimicrobial activities of leukocyte extracts from the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis)","volume":"110","author":"Merchant","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. B"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpb.2008.09.089","article-title":"Superoxide production by leukocytes in the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis)","volume":"152","author":"Merchant","year":"2008","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.147.18.515","article-title":"Fibriscess, not abscess, resulting from localized infection in reptiles and birds","volume":"147","author":"Hutchzermeyer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.aiip.2016.11.002","article-title":"Chapter Three-the Melanization Response in Insect Immunity","volume":"Volume 52","author":"Ligoxygakis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Advances in Insect Immunity"}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/14\/6\/965\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:16:51Z","timestamp":1760105811000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/14\/6\/965"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,20]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ani14060965"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani14060965","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,20]]}}}