{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:31:18Z","timestamp":1787027478592,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,23]],"date-time":"2024-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711152000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Taiwan University","award":["NTU-JP-113L7211"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NTU-JP-113L7211"]}]},{"name":"National Taiwan University","award":["113AS-5.5.1-AD-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["113AS-5.5.1-AD-02"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Agriculture","award":["NTU-JP-113L7211"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NTU-JP-113L7211"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Agriculture","award":["113AS-5.5.1-AD-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["113AS-5.5.1-AD-02"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Excessive liver fat causes non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in laying hens, reducing egg production. Addressing NAFLD via bile-acid metabolism is gaining attention. We induced NAFLD in 7-week-old ISA female chickens with a high-cholesterol, low-choline diet (CLC) for 6 weeks. LC\/MS was used to analyze serum and cecal bile acids, while cecal digesta DNA underwent 16S rRNA sequencing. The distribution of bile acid varied in healthy (CON) and CLC-fed chickens. CLC increased secondary bile acids (TLCA, TUDCA, THDCA, TDCA) in serum and primary bile acids (CDCA, TCDCA, isoDCA) in serum, as well as glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDCA) in cecal contents. CLC upregulated bile-acid synthesis enzymes (CYP7A1, CYP8B1) in the liver. Bile-acid receptor gene expression (HNF4A, FXR, LXR) was similar between groups. Microbiota abundance was richer in CON (alpha-diversity), with distinct separation (beta-diversity) between CON and CLC. The Firmicutes\/Bacteroidetes ratio slightly decreased in CLC. Taxonomic analysis revealed higher Bacteroides, Alistipes, Megamonas in CLC but lower Barnesiella. CLC had more Mucispirillum, Eubacterium_coprostanoligenes_group, Shuttleworthia, and Olsenella, while CON had more Enterococcus, Ruminococcaceae_UCG_014, and Faecalibacterium. This study unveils bile-acid and microflora changes in a chicken NAFLD model, enhancing our understanding of fatty liver disease metabolism and aiding targeted interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14070992","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,25]],"date-time":"2024-03-25T14:14:12Z","timestamp":1711376052000},"page":"992","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Exploring Bile-Acid Changes and Microflora Profiles in Chicken Fatty Liver Disease Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Wen-Yuan","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 106, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9450-8451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pei-En","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 106, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0010-8439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sin-Jin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bachelor Program of Biotechnology and Food Nutrition, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 106, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9866-1776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shih-Torng","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 106, Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 106, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan-Yu","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 106, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1007\/s11745-002-0957-4","article-title":"Dietary CLA alters yolk and tissue FA composition and hepatic histopathology of laying hens","volume":"37","author":"Cherian","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lipids"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/115.5.675","article-title":"Digestion and absorption of lipids in poultry","volume":"115","author":"Krogdahl","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-9629(84)90586-3","article-title":"Intestinal absorption and plasma transport of lipids in chicks and rats","volume":"78","author":"Sklan","year":"1984","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457608418164","article-title":"Fatty liver diseases in the domestic fowl\u2014A review","volume":"5","author":"Butler","year":"1976","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2004.04.015","article-title":"Production and growth related disorders and other metabolic diseases of poultry\u2014A review","volume":"169","author":"Julian","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985813503569","article-title":"Fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome in the backyard chicken: A retrospective histopathologic case series","volume":"51","author":"Trott","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1080\/00071668.2020.1758299","article-title":"Endocrine and genetic factors affecting egg laying performance in chickens: A review","volume":"61","author":"Du","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.11.046","article-title":"A novel chicken model of fatty liver disease induced by high cholesterol and low choline diets","volume":"100","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2018.1538550","article-title":"Fatty liver haemorrhagic syndrome occurrence in laying hens: Impact of production system","volume":"48","author":"Shini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1080\/00071660310001616228","article-title":"Comparison of the coagulation profile of fatty liver haemorrhagic syndrome-susceptible laying hens and normal laying hens","volume":"44","author":"Thomson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10141","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-46183-y","article-title":"Insulin resistance and metabonomics analysis of fatty liver haemorrhagic syndrome in laying hens induced by a high-energy low-protein diet","volume":"9","author":"Zhuang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18024","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.271.30.18024","article-title":"Disruption of cholesterol 7\u03b1-hydroxylase gene in mice. II. Bile acid deficiency is overcome by induction of oxysterol 7\u03b1-hydroxylase","volume":"271","author":"Schwarz","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1881","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2017-314307","article-title":"Suppressed hepatic bile acid signalling despite elevated production of primary and secondary bile acids in NAFLD","volume":"67","author":"Jiao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0b013e3282f4710a","article-title":"Bile acid levels are increased in the liver of patients with steatohepatitis","volume":"20","author":"Aranha","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3318","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-015-3776-8","article-title":"Altered Bile Acid Metabolome in Patients with Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis","volume":"60","author":"Ferslew","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.f.303","article-title":"QIIME allows analysis of high-throughput community sequencing data","volume":"7","author":"Caporaso","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2276","article-title":"Quality-filtering vastly improves diversity estimates from Illumina amplicon sequencing","volume":"10","author":"Bokulich","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.112730.110","article-title":"Chimeric 16S rRNA sequence formation and detection in Sanger and 454-pyrosequenced PCR amplicons","volume":"21","author":"Haas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2604","article-title":"UPARSE: Highly accurate OTU sequences from microbial amplicon reads","volume":"10","author":"Edgar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2460","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btq461","article-title":"Search and clustering orders of magnitude faster than BLAST","volume":"26","author":"Edgar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5261","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00062-07","article-title":"Naive Bayesian classifier for rapid assignment of rRNA sequences into the new bacterial taxonomy","volume":"73","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D590","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks1219","article-title":"The SILVA ribosomal RNA gene database project: Improved data processing and web-based tools","volume":"41","author":"Quast","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D643","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkt1209","article-title":"The SILVA and \u201cAll-species Living Tree Project (LTP)\u201d taxonomic frameworks","volume":"42","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Segata, N., Izard, J., Waldron, L., Gevers, D., Miropolsky, L., Garrett, W.S., and Huttenhower, C. (2011). Metagenomic biomarker discovery and explanation. Genome Biol., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2011-12-s1-p47"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"di Gregorio, M.C., Cautela, J., and Galantini, L. (2021). Physiology and Physical Chemistry of Bile Acids. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22041780"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2018.05.011","article-title":"Animal models to study bile acid metabolism","volume":"1865","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2221","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M500178-JLR200","article-title":"A phylogenetic survey of biliary lipids in vertebrates","volume":"46","author":"Moschetta","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nutr.22.011602.092259","article-title":"How host-microbial interactions shape the nutrient environment of the mammalian intestine","volume":"22","author":"Hooper","year":"2002","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.2.1118","article-title":"Role of commensal bacteria in development of gut-associated lymphoid tissues and preimmune antibody repertoire","volume":"172","author":"Rhee","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00008-07","article-title":"Bacteroides: The good, the bad, and the nitty-gritty","volume":"20","author":"Wexler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00906","article-title":"The Genus Alistipes: Gut Bacteria With Emerging Implications to Inflammation, Cancer, and Mental Health","volume":"11","author":"Parker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2017.00163","article-title":"Interactions between Bacteria and Bile Salts in the Gastrointestinal and Hepatobiliary Tracts","volume":"4","author":"Urdaneta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7261619","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/7261619","article-title":"Modulation of the Gut Microbiota in Rats by Hugan Qingzhi Tablets during the Treatment of High-Fat-Diet-Induced Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","volume":"2018","author":"Tang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8096","DOI":"10.1038\/srep08096","article-title":"Dysbiosis gut microbiota associated with inflammation and impaired mucosal immune function in intestine of humans with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"5","author":"Jiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5868","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00165-11","article-title":"Identification and characterization of potential performance-related gut microbiotas in broiler chickens across various feeding trials","volume":"77","author":"Torok","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apha.2015.04.003","article-title":"Bile Acid Metabolism and Signaling in Cholestasis, Inflammation, and Cancer","volume":"74","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X.L., Chen, L., Yang, J., Zhao, S.S., Jin, S., Ao, N., Yang, J., Liu, H.X., and Du, J. (2023). Vitamin D alleviates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease via restoring gut microbiota and metabolism. Front. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1117644"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e30","DOI":"10.1590\/s1678-9946202163030","article-title":"Antimicrobial treatment of Erysipelatoclostridium ramosum invasive infections: A systematic review","volume":"63","author":"Milosavljevic","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2019.02.001","article-title":"Molecular diagnosis and enrichment culture identified a septic pseudoarthrosis due to an infection with Erysipelatoclostridium ramosum","volume":"81","author":"Zakham","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagrm.2014.05.021","article-title":"Bile acid signaling and liver regeneration","volume":"1849","author":"Fan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/14\/7\/992\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:17:30Z","timestamp":1760105850000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/14\/7\/992"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,23]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ani14070992"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani14070992","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,23]]}}}