{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:57:23Z","timestamp":1760144243125,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,2]],"date-time":"2024-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712016000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chymase in the renin\u2013angiotensin system (RAS) actively contributes to cardiac disease progression. Chymase is activated to produce angiotensin II during tissue injury and is involved in hemodynamics. A recent study demonstrated that plasma chymase activity reflects hemodynamic changes and aids in understanding patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) pathophysiology. The present study examined the relationship between plasma chymase activity and the administration of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor. Alacepril was administered to 13 puppies with PDA. Conventional echocardiographic parameters and non-invasive blood pressure were measured before and after medication. Plasma chymase activity was calculated using the colorimetric absorbance method. Plasma chymase activity significantly increased, but blood pressure significantly decreased. We detected an increase in plasma chymase activity due to ACE inhibition in PDA cases treated with alacepril. Plasma chymase activity was affected and altered by alacepril. In veterinary medicine, plasma chymase activity may be a novel method for assessing the pathology of and therapy for cardiac diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14071078","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,3]],"date-time":"2024-04-03T00:58:38Z","timestamp":1712105918000},"page":"1078","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Evaluation of Alacepril Administration in Canine Patent Ductus Arteriosus According to Plasma Chymase Activity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2514-695X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kazumi","family":"Shimada","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Facility of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu 183-8509, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miki","family":"Hirose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Facility of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu 183-8509, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5291-925X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lina","family":"Hamabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Facility of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu 183-8509, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6196-4477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shinji","family":"Takai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Innovative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki-City 569-8686, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5820-8168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Denan","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Innovative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki-City 569-8686, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9836-0749","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zeki","family":"Yilmaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa 16059, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2849-1222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meric","family":"Kocaturk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa 16059, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9948-6490","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryou","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, Facility of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu 183-8509, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1080\/13543776.2018.1531848","article-title":"Chymase inhibitors for the treatment of cardiac diseases: A patent review (2010\u20132018)","volume":"28","author":"Ahmad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert. Opin. Ther. Pat."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.3109\/10641950802001842","article-title":"Elevated plasma chymotrypsin-like protease (chymase) activity in women with preeclampsia","volume":"29","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hypertens. Pregnancy"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1159\/000047325","article-title":"High cardiac angiotensin-II-forming activity in infarcted and non-infarcted human myocardium","volume":"94","author":"Ihara","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cardiology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.117.310978","article-title":"Multifunctional role of chymase in acute and chronic tissue injury and remodeling","volume":"122","author":"Collawn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1769","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.1997.273.4.H1769","article-title":"Angiotensin II formation from ACE and chymase in human and animal hearts: Methods and species considerations","volume":"273","author":"Balcells","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1254\/jjp.84.449","article-title":"The functional ratio of chymase and angiotensin converting enzyme in angiotensin I-induced vascular contraction in monkeys, dogs and rats","volume":"84","author":"Jin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2828(03)00013-0","article-title":"Cardiac mast cell- and chymase-mediated matrix metalloproteinase activity and left ventricular remodeling in mitral regurgitation in the dog","volume":"35","author":"Stewart","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.5530\/ijper.54.3.99","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of chymase inhibitors in cardiovascular diseases: An Overview","volume":"54","author":"Aga","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J. Pharm. Educ."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2020.01.012","article-title":"Effects of the chymase inhibitor fulacimstat on adverse cardiac remodeling after acute myocardial infarction-Results of the Chymase Inhibitor in Adverse Remodeling after Myocardial Infarction (CHIARA MIA) 2 trial","volume":"224","author":"Duengen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e028056","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.122.028056","article-title":"Chymase inhibition resolves and prevents deep vein thrombosis without increasing bleeding time in the mouse model","volume":"12","author":"Lapointe","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2555","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000074041.81728.79","article-title":"Chymase inhibition prevents cardiac fibrosis and improves diastolic dysfunction in the progression of heart failure","volume":"107","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2011.0711.x","article-title":"Retrospective review of congenital heart disease in 976 dogs","volume":"25","author":"Oliveira","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2015.06.001","article-title":"Prevalence of congenital heart disease in 76,301 mixed-breed dogs and 57,025 mixed-breed cats","volume":"17","author":"Schrope","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Vet. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brambilla, P.G., Polli, M., Pradelli, D., Papa, M., Rizzi, R., Bagardi, M., and Bussadori, C. (2020). Epidemiological study of congenital heart diseases in dogs: Prevalence, popularity, and volatility throughout twenty years of clinical practice. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.02.25.964262"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2003.tb00108.x","article-title":"Long-term follow-up of dogs with patent ductus arteriosus","volume":"44","author":"French","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1111\/chd.12714","article-title":"Molecular and mechanical factors contributing to ductus arteriosus patency and closure","volume":"14","author":"Crockett","year":"2019","journal-title":"Congenit. Heart Dis."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1007\/s00380-020-01639-4","article-title":"Comparison of transcatheter patent ductus arteriosus closure between children and adults","volume":"35","author":"Yasuhara","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heart Vessel."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shimada, K., Hamabe, L., Hirose, M., Watanabe, M., Yokoi, A., Takeuchi, A., Ozai, Y., Yoshida, T., Takai, S., and Jin, D. (2022). Plasma chymase activity reflects the change in hemodynamics observed after the surgical treatment of patent ductus arteriosus in dogs. Vet. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci9120682"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1006\/jmcc.1999.0933","article-title":"Differential expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme and chymase in dogs with chronic mitral regurgitation","volume":"31","author":"Su","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1552-4604.1992.tb05779.x","article-title":"Effects of a long-term treatment with alacepril on left ventricular hypertrophy and function in patients with essential hypertension","volume":"32","author":"Sumimoto","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.32.691","article-title":"Effects of an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, alacepril, on cardiovascular and sympathetic nervous responses to mental stress in patients with essential hypertension","volume":"32","author":"Saitoh","year":"1993","journal-title":"Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1080\/10641963.2017.1339071","article-title":"Positive correlation between blood pressure or heart rate and chymase-dependent angiotensin II-forming activity in circulating mononuclear leukocytes measured by new ELISA","volume":"40","author":"Okamura","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.65.1115","article-title":"Angiotensin converting enzyme and chymase activity in the feline heart and serum","volume":"65","author":"Aramaki","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/14\/7\/1078\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:22:34Z","timestamp":1760106154000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/14\/7\/1078"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,2]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ani14071078"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani14071078","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2076-2615"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,2]]}}}