{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T14:04:44Z","timestamp":1787753084106,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,10]],"date-time":"2024-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712707200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Ecological Transition (MITECO) of Spain"},{"name":"Complutense University of Madrid (Spain)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Injuries and bone fractures are the most frequent causes of admission at wildlife rescue centers. Wild birds are more susceptible to open fractures due to their anatomical structure, which can lead to osteomyelitis and necrosis. Antibiotic therapy in these cases is indispensable, but the increase of antimicrobial-resistant isolates in wildlife has become a significant concern in recent years. In this context, the likelihood of antibiotic failure and death of animals with infectious issues is high. This study aimed to isolate, identify, and assess the antimicrobial resistance pattern of bacteria in wounds and open fractures in wild birds. To this end, injured birds admitted to a wildlife rescue center were sampled, and bacterial isolation and identification were performed. Then, antimicrobial susceptibility testing was assessed according to the disk diffusion method. In total, 36 isolates were obtained from 26 different birds. The genera detected were Staphylococcus spp. (63.8%), Escherichia (13.9%), Bacillus (11.1%), Streptococcus (8.3%), and Micrococcus (2.8%). Among Staphylococcus isolates, S. lentus and S. aureus were the most frequent species. Antimicrobial resistance was detected in 82.6% of the isolates, among which clindamycin resistance stood out, and 31.6% of resistant isolates were considered multidrug-resistant. Results from this study highlight the escalating scope of antimicrobial resistance in wildlife. This level of resistance poses a dual concern for wildlife: firstly, the risk of therapeutic failure in species of significant environmental value, and, secondly, the circulation of resistant bacteria in ecosystems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14081151","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,10]],"date-time":"2024-04-10T10:55:28Z","timestamp":1712746528000},"page":"1151","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Addressing Challenges in Wildlife Rehabilitation: Antimicrobial-Resistant Bacteria from Wounds and Fractures in Wild Birds"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Esther","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Ortiz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Avenida de Puerta de Hierro s\/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Grupo de Rehabilitaci\u00f3n de la Fauna Aut\u00f3ctona y su H\u00e1bitat, Calle Monte del Pilar s\/n, 28220 Majadahonda, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4335-4346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda del Mar","family":"Blanco Guti\u00e9rrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Avenida de Puerta de Hierro s\/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4471-7897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Calvo-Fernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group for Food Microbiology and Hygiene, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Henrik Dams All\u00e9, 204, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark"},{"name":"Research Group for Foodborne Pathogens and Epidemiology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Henrik Dams All\u00e9, 204, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2247-4704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aida","family":"Menc\u00eda-Guti\u00e9rrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Rehabilitaci\u00f3n de la Fauna Aut\u00f3ctona y su H\u00e1bitat, Calle Monte del Pilar s\/n, 28220 Majadahonda, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Pastor Tibur\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Rehabilitaci\u00f3n de la Fauna Aut\u00f3ctona y su H\u00e1bitat, Calle Monte del Pilar s\/n, 28220 Majadahonda, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6273-1576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Alvarado Piqueras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Rehabilitaci\u00f3n de la Fauna Aut\u00f3ctona y su H\u00e1bitat, Calle Monte del Pilar s\/n, 28220 Majadahonda, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9983-9046","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alba","family":"Pablos-Tanarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Biom\u00e9dicas y de la Salud, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Calle Tajo s\/n, 28760 Villaviciosa de Od\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5957-8371","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B\u00e1rbara","family":"Mart\u00edn-Maldonado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Biom\u00e9dicas y de la Salud, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Calle Tajo s\/n, 28760 Villaviciosa de Od\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"IUCN (2024, February 16). 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