{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T22:31:00Z","timestamp":1769725860019,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,26]],"date-time":"2024-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714089600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Heart and kidney diseases are among the most frequent medical conditions diagnosed in small animals. Due to the functional interconnection between these organs, the concept of the cardio\u2013renal axis has been developed. In this context, renal disease or dysfunction often occurs secondary to heart diseases, such as dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). DCM is the most common cardiomyopathy and a leading cause of mortality in large-breed dogs. Traditional biomarkers like creatinine or symmetric dimethylarginine concentration are not always effective, especially in the early stages of the disease, underscoring the need for more sensitive markers of renal impairment during heart failure (HF). This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of selected biomarkers as indicators for early kidney damage in dogs with stage B2 DCM. We measured serum concentrations of cystatin C, KIM-1 (kidney injury molecule-1), and NGAL (neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin) and their ratios to creatinine, analyzing their diagnostic values. Cystatin C was quantified using a sandwich enzyme immunoassay, while KIM-1 and NGAL were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits designed for canine diagnostics. The concentrations were indexed against serum creatinine. The study included 26 dogs: 9 with HF and 17 healthy controls. The mean \u00b1 standard deviation for healthy dogs for cystatin C, cystatin C\/creatinine ratio, KIM-1, KIM-1\/creatinine ratio, NGAL, and NGAL\/creatinine ratio were 0.24 \u00b1 0.04, 0.26 \u00b1 0.07, 0.61 \u00b1 0.07, 0.67 \u00b1 0.13, 2.76 \u00b1 1.8, and 2.79 \u00b1 1.81, respectively. For DCM dogs, these values were 0.27 \u00b1 0.1, 0.32 \u00b1 0.12, 0.61 \u00b1 0.08, 0.69 \u00b1 0.17, 6.46 \u00b1 5.22 (p = 0.02), and 7.99 \u00b1 6.53 (p = 0.04). This study\u2019s findings suggest that during the asymptomatic phase of DCM, only NGAL concentration and the NGAL\/creatinine ratio may serve as diagnostic markers for early-stage kidney injury.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14091305","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,26]],"date-time":"2024-04-26T08:18:27Z","timestamp":1714119507000},"page":"1305","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A Pilot Study of the Role of Selected Biomarkers of Kidney Injury in Dogs with Dilated Cardiomyopathy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2079-7427","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karolina","family":"Wrze\u015bniewska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department and Clinic of Animal Internal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 13 Akademicka Street, 20-950 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacek","family":"Madany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department and Clinic of Animal Internal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 13 Akademicka Street, 20-950 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2925-4165","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dawid","family":"Tobolski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Reproduction with Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, 14 Oczapowskiego Street, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beata","family":"\u017byli\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department and Clinic of Animal Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 13 Akademicka Street, 20-950 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrzej","family":"Milczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department and Clinic of Animal Internal Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 13 Akademicka Street, 20-950 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Sobczy\u0144ska-Rak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department and Clinic of Animal Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 13 Akademicka Street, 20-950 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2011.0695.x","article-title":"Mortality in north american dogs from 1984 to 2004: An investigation into age, size, and breed-related causes of death","volume":"25","author":"Fleming","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. 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