{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T08:33:29Z","timestamp":1791362009918,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,6]],"date-time":"2024-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714953600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014188","name":"Korean government (MSIT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2023-00250165"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2023-00250165"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014188","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014188","name":"Korean government (MSIT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021RIS-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021RIS-001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014188","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education (MOE)","award":["RS-2023-00250165"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2023-00250165"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education (MOE)","award":["2021RIS-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021RIS-001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\u03ba-Carrageenan is a sulfated polysaccharide from red seaweed with substantial antioxidant activities. This study aimed to investigate the effect of \u03ba-Carrageenan treatment on frozen\u2013thawed (FT) porcine semen quality. Therefore, the spermatozoa were diluted and cryopreserved in a freezing extender supplemented with 0 (control), 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8 mg\/mL \u03ba-Carrageenan. Sperm kinematics were assessed immediately after thawing (AT) and post-incubation for 120 min. The viability, acrosome integrity, lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and intracellular caspase activity were measured AT. The results indicated that 0.2 mg\/mL \u03ba-Carrageenan increased total and progressive motility AT and post-incubation for 120 min (p &lt; 0.05). Moreover, the viable sperm percentage and MMP after 0.2 mg\/mL treatment were higher than those after control and other \u03ba-Carrageenan concentration treatments. The proportion of acrosome-intact spermatozoa was significantly higher after 0.2 and 0.4 mg\/mL \u03ba-Carrageenan treatment than that after control and other \u03ba-Carrageenan concentration treatments. The intracellular caspase activity was not significantly different among the experimental groups. However, the MDA concentration after 0.2 mg\/mL \u03ba-Carrageenan treatment was lower (p &lt; 0.05) than that after the control treatment. Taken together, adding \u03ba-Carrageenan to the porcine semen freezing extender improved the FT sperm quality mainly by influencing membrane stability and protecting against oxidative stress.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14091387","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,6]],"date-time":"2024-05-06T13:27:00Z","timestamp":1715002020000},"page":"1387","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The Effect of \u03ba-Carrageenan on Porcine Sperm Cryo-Survival"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8005-6885","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Areeg","family":"Almubarak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Theriogenology and Reproductive Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Hilat Kuku, P.O. Box 204, Khartoum North 11111, Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eunji","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Theriogenology and Reproductive Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Il-Jeoung","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Theriogenology and Reproductive Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanseul","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0328-2974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yubyeol","family":"Jeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Theriogenology and Reproductive Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2008.07.017","article-title":"New aspects of boar semen freezing strategies","volume":"70","author":"Sieg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2013.02.006","article-title":"Cryobanking of farm animal gametes and embryos as a means of conserving livestock genetics","volume":"138","author":"Mara","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.12552","article-title":"The Fertility of Frozen Boar Sperm When used for Artificial Insemination","volume":"50","author":"Knox","year":"2015","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1002\/mrd.22840","article-title":"Artificial insemination with frozen-thawed boar sperm","volume":"84","author":"Yeste","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Reprod. Dev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cryobiol.2015.01.001","article-title":"Cryopreservation of boar sperm comparing different cryoprotectants associated in media based on powdered coconut water, lactose and trehalose","volume":"70","author":"Silva","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cryobiology"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cryobiol.2010.03.008","article-title":"Comparing sugar type supplementation for cryopreservation of boar semen in egg yolk based extender","volume":"61","author":"Malo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cryobiology"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"355","article-title":"Evaluation of Antifreeze Proteins on Miniature Pig Sperm Viability, DNA Damage, and Acrosome Status during Cryopreservation","volume":"31","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Emb. Trans."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.repbio.2015.12.008","article-title":"Effects of different cryoprotectants and freezing methods on post-thaw boar semen quality","volume":"16","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"107","article-title":"Cryopreservation with Trehalose Reduced Sperm Chromatin Damage in Miniature Pig","volume":"27","author":"Park","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Emb. Trans."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cryobiol.2010.06.009","article-title":"Anti-oxidant supplementation improves boar sperm characteristics and fertility after cryopreservation: Comparison between cysteine and rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis)","volume":"61","author":"Malo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cryobiology"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1017\/S0967199420000271","article-title":"Resveratrol protects boar sperm in vitro via its antioxidant capacity","volume":"28","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Zygote"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"396181","article-title":"Advances in Boar Semen Cryopreservation","volume":"2011","author":"Wallgren","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Int."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.17221\/47\/2020-CJAS","article-title":"Cryopreservation of boar semen","volume":"65","year":"2020","journal-title":"Czech J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"60","article-title":"The role of oxidative stress and antioxidants in male fertility","volume":"66","author":"Wolski","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cent. Eur. J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5534\/wjmh.2014.32.1.1","article-title":"Effect of Oxidative Stress on Male Reproduction","volume":"32","author":"Agarwal","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Men\u2019s Health"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.4103\/jhrs.JHRS_150_18","article-title":"Role of Oxidative Stress in Male Infertility: An Updated Review","volume":"12","author":"Alahmar","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hum. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190542","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/190542","article-title":"Role of Membrane Lipid Fatty Acids in Sperm Cryopreservation","volume":"2014","author":"Mandal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Androl."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.12569","article-title":"Recent Advances in Boar Sperm Cryopreservation: State of the Art and Current Perspectives","volume":"50","author":"Yeste","year":"2015","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cryobiol.2008.12.004","article-title":"Effect of alpha-tocopherol supplementation during boar semen cryopreservation on sperm characteristics and expression of apoptosis related genes","volume":"58","author":"Jeong","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cryobiology"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2047-2927.2013.00144.x","article-title":"Supplementing cryopreservation media with reduced glutathione increases fertility and prolificacy of sows inseminated with frozen-thawed boar semen","volume":"2","author":"Estrada","year":"2014","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1038\/aja.2010.48","article-title":"Supplemental effect of varying L-cysteine concentrations on the quality of cryopreserved boar semen","volume":"12","author":"Kaeoket","year":"2010","journal-title":"Asian J. Androl."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cryobiol.2014.07.002","article-title":"Rosmarinic acid improves function and in vitro fertilising ability of boar sperm after cryopreservation","volume":"69","author":"Luno","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cryobiology"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-006-9121-z","article-title":"Antioxidant activities of sulfated polysaccharides from brown and red seaweeds","volume":"19","author":"Marques","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.17221\/6758-VETMED","article-title":"Carrageenan: A review","volume":"58","author":"Necas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Veterin\u00e1rn\u00ed Medic\u00edna"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ullah, S., Khalil, A.A., Shaukat, F., and Song, Y. (2019). Sources, Extraction and Biomedical Properties of Polysaccharides. Foods, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods8080304"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.3390\/md9020196","article-title":"Chemical Structures and Bioactivities of Sulfated Polysaccharides from Marine Algae","volume":"9","author":"Jiao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12010088","article-title":"The Use of &kappa;-Carrageenan in Egg Yolk Free Extender Improves the Efficiency of Canine Semen Cryopreservation","volume":"12","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cryobiol.2020.06.009","article-title":"Effects of k-carrageenan supplementation or in combination with cholesterol-loaded cyclodextrin following freezing-thawing process of rooster spermatozoa","volume":"95","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cryobiology"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1939-4640.1998.tb02083.x","article-title":"Extender Components and Surfactants Affect Boar Sperm Function and Membrane Behavior During Cryopreservation","volume":"19","author":"Pettitt","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Androl."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"9","article-title":"Effect of Antioxidant Supplementation in Freezing Extender on Porcine Sperm Viability, Motility and Reactive Oxygen Species","volume":"32","author":"Park","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Emb. Trans."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-691X(97)00123-4","article-title":"In vitro fertilizing capacity of frozen-thawed boar semen","volume":"47","author":"Ducolomb","year":"1997","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.12750\/JARB.36.2.69","article-title":"Washing solution and centrifugation affect kinematics of cryopreserved boar semen","volume":"36","author":"Almubarak","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Anim. Reprod. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-691X(01)00711-7","article-title":"Recovery of motile, membrane-intact spermatozoa from canine epididymides stored for 8 days at 4 \u00b0C","volume":"57","author":"Yu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2018.05.021","article-title":"Lycopene-loaded nanoliposomes improve the performance of a modified Beltsville extender broiler breeder roosters","volume":"195","author":"Najafi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2021.12.030","article-title":"Addition of l-carnitine to the freezing extender improves post-thaw sperm quality of Okinawan native Agu pig","volume":"188","author":"Tatemoto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Bansal, A.K., and Bilaspuri, G.S. (2010). Impacts of oxidative stress and antioxidants on semen functions. Vet. Med. Int., 2010."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhong, H., Gao, X., Cheng, C., Liu, C., Wang, Q., and Han, X. (2020). The Structural Characteristics of Seaweed Polysaccharides and Their Application in Gel Drug Delivery Systems. Mar. Drugs, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/md18120658"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hentati, F., Tounsi, L., Djomdi, D., Pierre, G., Delattre, C., Ursu, A.V., Fendri, I., Abdelkafi, S., and Michaud, P. (2020). Bioactive Polysaccharides from Seaweeds. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25143152"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.06.088","article-title":"Comparative studies of semen quality traits and sperm kinematic parameters in relation to fertility rate between 2 genetic groups of breed lines","volume":"99","author":"Tesfay","year":"2020","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2006.02.048","article-title":"Validation of the sperm mobility assay in boars and stallions","volume":"66","author":"Vizcarra","year":"2006","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mod.2018.04.004","article-title":"Regulation mechanisms and implications of sperm membrane hyperpolarization","volume":"154","author":"Ritagliati","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mech. Dev."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmab001","article-title":"Mitochondria: Their role in spermatozoa and in male infertility","volume":"27","author":"Boguenet","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R163","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-13-0178","article-title":"Mitochondria functionality and sperm quality","volume":"146","author":"Amaral","year":"2013","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, Y.-J., and Pang, M.-G. (2021). Mitochondrial Functionality in Male Fertility: From Spermatogenesis to Fertilization. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10010098"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cryobiol.2009.04.008","article-title":"Effect of Gynostemma Pentaphyllum Polysaccharide on boar spermatozoa quality following freezing\u2013thawing","volume":"59","author":"Hu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cryobiology"},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"3051","article-title":"Inhibitory effect of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide on sperm damage during cryopreservation","volume":"20","author":"Yan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"103","article-title":"Role of fatty acids in sperm membrane","volume":"79","author":"Hampl","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ceska Gynekol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanocka, D., and Kurpisz, M. (2004). Reactive oxygen species and sperm cells. Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol., 2.","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7827-2-12"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1071\/RD15325","article-title":"Causes and consequences of oxidative stress in spermatozoa","volume":"28","author":"Aitken","year":"2015","journal-title":"Reprod. Fertil. Dev."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2005.12.026","article-title":"Oxidative stress, sperm survival and fertility control","volume":"250","author":"Aitken","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2005.11.057","article-title":"Antioxidant activity and cytoprotective effect of \u03ba-carrageenan oligosaccharides and their different derivatives","volume":"16","author":"Yuan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bioorganic Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2018.02.104","article-title":"Antioxidant activity of purified ulvan in hyperlipidemic mice","volume":"113","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2009.03.005","article-title":"Biological activities of sulfated polysaccharides from tropical seaweeds","volume":"64","author":"Costa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1126\/science.281.5381.1312","article-title":"Caspases: Enemies Within","volume":"281","author":"Thornberry","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R97","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-5521(98)90615-9","article-title":"Caspases: Key mediators of apoptosis","volume":"5","author":"Thornberry","year":"1998","journal-title":"Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2009.09.011","article-title":"Effects of cryopreservation on phosphatidylserine translocation, intracellular hydrogen peroxide, and DNA integrity in canine sperm","volume":"73","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.2164\/jandrol.112.016535","article-title":"Reactive Oxygen Species and Sperm Function\u2014In Sickness and in Health","volume":"33","author":"Aitken","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Androl."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cryobiol.2012.09.003","article-title":"Effect of freezing\u2013thawing process and quercetin on human sperm survival and DNA integrity","volume":"65","author":"Zribi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cryobiology"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2061","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dep214","article-title":"Cryopreservation-induced human sperm DNA damage is predominantly mediated by oxidative stress rather than apoptosis","volume":"24","author":"Thomson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-2115(99)00255-9","article-title":"Comparison of protective media and freezing techniques for cryopreservation of human semen","volume":"91","author":"Stanic","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Santo, M., Tarozzi, N., Nadalini, M., and Borini, A. (2012). Human Sperm Cryopreservation: Update on Techniques, Effect on DNA Integrity, and Implications for ART. Adv. Urol., 2012.","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/854837"}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/14\/9\/1387\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:40:09Z","timestamp":1760107209000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/14\/9\/1387"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,6]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ani14091387"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani14091387","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,6]]}}}