{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T20:52:29Z","timestamp":1779223949083,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,9]],"date-time":"2024-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715212800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades (MCIU) (Madrid, Spain)","award":["RTI2018-094907-B-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTI2018-094907-B-I00"]}]},{"name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades (MCIU) (Madrid, Spain)","award":["PID2019-104808RA-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-104808RA-I00"]}]},{"name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades (MCIU) (Madrid, Spain)","award":["UIDB\/00772\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00772\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades (MCIU) (Madrid, Spain)","award":["FEI16\/54"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FEI16\/54"]}]},{"name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades (MCIU) (Madrid, Spain)","award":["2018-T1\/BIO-10158"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018-T1\/BIO-10158"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["RTI2018-094907-B-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTI2018-094907-B-I00"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["PID2019-104808RA-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-104808RA-I00"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["UIDB\/00772\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00772\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["FEI16\/54"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FEI16\/54"]}]},{"name":"Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)","award":["2018-T1\/BIO-10158"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018-T1\/BIO-10158"]}]},{"name":"EU (NextGenerationEU)","award":["RTI2018-094907-B-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTI2018-094907-B-I00"]}]},{"name":"EU (NextGenerationEU)","award":["PID2019-104808RA-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-104808RA-I00"]}]},{"name":"EU (NextGenerationEU)","award":["UIDB\/00772\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00772\/2020"]}]},{"name":"EU (NextGenerationEU)","award":["FEI16\/54"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FEI16\/54"]}]},{"name":"EU (NextGenerationEU)","award":["2018-T1\/BIO-10158"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018-T1\/BIO-10158"]}]},{"name":"Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM, Spain)","award":["RTI2018-094907-B-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTI2018-094907-B-I00"]}]},{"name":"Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM, Spain)","award":["PID2019-104808RA-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-104808RA-I00"]}]},{"name":"Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM, Spain)","award":["UIDB\/00772\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00772\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM, Spain)","award":["FEI16\/54"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FEI16\/54"]}]},{"name":"Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM, Spain)","award":["2018-T1\/BIO-10158"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018-T1\/BIO-10158"]}]},{"name":"Atracci\u00f3n de Talento Program of the Comunidad de Madrid, Spain","award":["RTI2018-094907-B-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTI2018-094907-B-I00"]}]},{"name":"Atracci\u00f3n de Talento Program of the Comunidad de Madrid, Spain","award":["PID2019-104808RA-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-104808RA-I00"]}]},{"name":"Atracci\u00f3n de Talento Program of the Comunidad de Madrid, Spain","award":["UIDB\/00772\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00772\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Atracci\u00f3n de Talento Program of the Comunidad de Madrid, Spain","award":["FEI16\/54"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FEI16\/54"]}]},{"name":"Atracci\u00f3n de Talento Program of the Comunidad de Madrid, Spain","award":["2018-T1\/BIO-10158"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018-T1\/BIO-10158"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Aquaculture is a rapidly expanding agri-food industry that faces substantial economic losses due to infectious disease outbreaks, such as bacterial infections. These outbreaks cause disruptions and high mortalities at various stages of the rearing process, especially in the larval stages. Probiotic bacteria are emerging as promising and sustainable alternative or complementary strategies to vaccination and the use of antibiotics in aquaculture. In this study, potential probiotic candidates for larviculture were isolated from a rotifer-rearing tank used as the first live feed for turbot larvae. Two Lacticaseibacillus paracasei and two Lactiplantibacillus plantarum isolates were selected for further characterization due to their wide and strong antimicrobial activity against several ichthyopathogens, both Gram-positive and Gram-negative. An extensive in vitro safety assessment of these four isolates revealed the absence of harmful traits, such as acquired antimicrobial resistance and other virulence factors (i.e., hemolytic and gelatinase activities, bile salt deconjugation, and mucin degradation, as well as PCR detection of biogenic amine production). Moreover, Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus-PCR (ERIC-PCR) analyses unveiled their genetic relatedness, revealing two divergent clusters within each species. To our knowledge, this work reports for the first time the isolation and characterization of Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) with potential use as probiotics in aquaculture from rotifer-rearing tanks, which have the potential to optimize turbot larviculture and to introduce novel microbial management approaches for a sustainable aquaculture.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14101415","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,9]],"date-time":"2024-05-09T03:34:19Z","timestamp":1715225659000},"page":"1415","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Antimicrobial Activity, Genetic Relatedness, and Safety Assessment of Potential Probiotic Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from a Rearing Tank of Rotifers (Brachionus plicatilis) Used as Live Feed in Fish Larviculture"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Diogo","family":"Contente","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Seguridad y Calidad de los Alimentos por Bacterias L\u00e1cticas, Bacteriocinas y Probi\u00f3ticos (SEGA-BALBP), Secci\u00f3n Departamental de Nutrici\u00f3n y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lara","family":"D\u00edaz-Formoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Seguridad y Calidad de los Alimentos por Bacterias L\u00e1cticas, Bacteriocinas y Probi\u00f3ticos (SEGA-BALBP), Secci\u00f3n Departamental de Nutrici\u00f3n y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1774-3372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Feito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Seguridad y Calidad de los Alimentos por Bacterias L\u00e1cticas, Bacteriocinas y Probi\u00f3ticos (SEGA-BALBP), Secci\u00f3n Departamental de Nutrici\u00f3n y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beatriz","family":"G\u00f3mez-Sala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, T12 YT20 Cork, Ireland"},{"name":"Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, R93 XE12 Cork, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dami\u00e1n","family":"Costas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Mari\u00f1a, Universidade de Vigo, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Mari\u00f1a (ECIMAT), 36331 Vigo, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6259-8456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo E.","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Seguridad y Calidad de los Alimentos por Bacterias L\u00e1cticas, Bacteriocinas y Probi\u00f3ticos (SEGA-BALBP), Secci\u00f3n Departamental de Nutrici\u00f3n y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6218-1511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Estefan\u00eda","family":"Mu\u00f1oz-Atienza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Seguridad y Calidad de los Alimentos por Bacterias L\u00e1cticas, Bacteriocinas y Probi\u00f3ticos (SEGA-BALBP), Secci\u00f3n Departamental de Nutrici\u00f3n y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9203-0551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan","family":"Borrero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Seguridad y Calidad de los Alimentos por Bacterias L\u00e1cticas, Bacteriocinas y Probi\u00f3ticos (SEGA-BALBP), Secci\u00f3n Departamental de Nutrici\u00f3n y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0925-689X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patr\u00edcia","family":"Poeta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, Universidade de Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"CECAV-Veterinary and Animal Research Centre, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4161-0385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis M.","family":"Cintas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Seguridad y Calidad de los Alimentos por Bacterias L\u00e1cticas, Bacteriocinas y Probi\u00f3ticos (SEGA-BALBP), Secci\u00f3n Departamental de Nutrici\u00f3n y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"FAO (2022). The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture, FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00499-20","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00499-20","article-title":"Changes in microbiome of mariculture feed organisms after treatment with a potentially probiotic strain of Phaeobacter inhibens","volume":"86","author":"Dittmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1009251531832","article-title":"Colonization of the gut in first feeding turbot by bacterial strains added to the water or bioencapsulated in rotifers","volume":"8","author":"Makridis","year":"2000","journal-title":"Aquac. Int."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2005.11.039","article-title":"Probiotic effect in vivo of Roseobacter strain 27-4 against Vibrio (Listonella) anguillarum infections in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.) larvae","volume":"255","author":"Planas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2011.03.004","article-title":"Alternatives to antibiotics for the control of bacterial disease in aquaculture","volume":"14","author":"Defoirdt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2360","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2014.84","article-title":"Ecological theory as a foundation to control pathogenic invasion in aquaculture","volume":"8","author":"Vadstein","year":"2014","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02581-20","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02581-20","article-title":"The Roseobacter-group bacterium Phaeobacter as a safe probiotic solution for aquaculture","volume":"87","author":"Sonnenschein","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/S0044-8486(99)00096-4","article-title":"Techniques for the microbial control in the intensive rearing of marine larvae","volume":"177","author":"Skjermo","year":"1999","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/S0144-8609(02)00069-9","article-title":"Ozonation and UV irradiation\u2014and introduction and examples of current applications","volume":"28","author":"Summerfelt","year":"2003","journal-title":"Aquac. Eng."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1917","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.12134","article-title":"Antimicrobial use in aquaculture re-examined: Its relevance to antimicrobial resistance and to animal and human health","volume":"15","author":"Cabello","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-7915.12877","article-title":"The aquaculture microbiome at the center of business creation","volume":"10","author":"Dittmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microb. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.14628","article-title":"Probiotics, lactic acid bacteria and bacilli: Interesting supplementation for aquaculture","volume":"129","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feito, J., Contente, D., Ponce-Alonso, M., D\u00edaz-Formoso, L., Ara\u00fajo, C., Pe\u00f1a, N., Borrero, J., G\u00f3mez-Sala, B., del Campo, R., and Mu\u00f1oz-Atienza, E. (2022). Draft genome sequence of Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris WA2-67: A promising nisin-producing probiotic strain isolated from the rearing environment of a Spanish rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum) farm. Microorganisms, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10030521"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178462","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1178462","article-title":"Immunomodulatory effects of bacteriocinogenic and non-bacteriocinogenic Lactococcus cremoris of aquatic origin on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum)","volume":"14","author":"Contente","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2095.2009.00712.x","article-title":"Assessment of the effects of vegetative and lyophilized Pediococcus acidilactici on growth, feed utilization, intestinal colonization and health parameters of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum)","volume":"17","author":"Merrifield","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aquac. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1111\/raq.12033","article-title":"Probiotics in aquaculture: A current assessment","volume":"6","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. Aquac."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Knobloch, S., Sk\u00edrnisd\u00f3ttir, S., Dubois, M., Kolypczuk, L., Leroi, F., Leeper, A., Passerini, D., and Marteinsson, V.\u00de. (2022). Impact of putative probiotics on growth, behavior, and the gut microbiome of farmed arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus). Front. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.912473"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848037","DOI":"10.3389\/fmars.2022.848037","article-title":"Interesting probiotic bacteria other than the more widely used lactic acid bacteria and bacilli in finfish","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2109.2009.02339.x","article-title":"Lactic acid bacteria vs. pathogens in the gastrointestinal tract of fish: A review","volume":"41","author":"Kristiansen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aquac. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2014.11.001","article-title":"Inhibition of fish pathogens by the microbiota from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum) and rearing environment","volume":"32","author":"Poeta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1007\/s00217-015-2493-z","article-title":"Safety assessment, genetic relatedness and bacteriocin activity of potential probiotic Lactococcus lactis strains from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum) and rearing environment","volume":"241","author":"Poeta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Food. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hagiwara, A., and Yoshinaga, T. (2017). Rotifers, Fisheries Science Series, Springer Nature Singapore.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-5635-2"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Samat, N.A., Yusoff, F.M., Rasdi, N.W., and Karim, M. (2020). Enhancement of live food nutritional status with essential nutrients for improving aquatic animal health: A review. Animals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10122457"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-022-09928-2","article-title":"Assessing the activity of antimicrobial peptides against common marine bacteria located in rotifer (Brachionus plicatilis) cultures","volume":"14","author":"Woods","year":"2022","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicrob. Proteins"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/0044-8486(91)90162-Z","article-title":"The effect of three strains of lactic acid bacteria on the production rate of rotifers, Brachionus plicatilis, and their dietary value for larval turbot, Scophthalmus maximus","volume":"96","author":"Gatesoupe","year":"1991","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2006.00017.x","article-title":"Probiotics in marine larviculture","volume":"30","author":"Vine","year":"2006","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/s10695-013-9844-0","article-title":"Dietary probiotic supplementation (Shewanella putrefaciens Pdp11) modulates gut microbiota and promotes growth and condition in Senegalese sole larviculture","volume":"40","author":"Lobo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fish Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2643","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.61.7.2643-2648.1995","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of pediocin L50, a new bacteriocin from Pediococcus acidilactici with a broad inhibitory spectrum","volume":"61","author":"Cintas","year":"1995","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.2000.01146.x","article-title":"Use of the DNA sequence of variable regions of the 16S rRNA gene for rapid and accurate identification of bacteria in the Lactobacillus acidophilus complex","volume":"89","author":"Kullen","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8982","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.71.12.8982-8986.2005","article-title":"Evaluation of new broth media for microdilution antibiotic susceptibility testing of Lactobacilli, Pediococci, Lactococci, and Bifidobacteria","volume":"71","author":"Klare","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"FEEDAP (2018). Guidance on the characterization of microorganisms used as feed additives or as production organisms. EFSA J., 16, e05206.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2018.5206"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21878","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-78849-3","article-title":"Global trends in antimicrobial use in aquaculture","volume":"10","author":"Schar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2022.100445","article-title":"Antibiotics usage practices in aquaculture in Bangladesh and their associate factors","volume":"15","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2022","journal-title":"One Health"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1111\/raq.12786","article-title":"Reviews of alternatives to antibiotic use in aquaculture","volume":"15","author":"MacKinnon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rev. Aquac."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1628","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.67.4.1628-1635.2001","article-title":"Molecular screening of Enterococcus virulence determinants and potential for genetic exchange between food and medical isolates","volume":"67","author":"Eaton","year":"2001","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mu\u00f1oz-Atienza, E., G\u00f3mez-Sala, B., Ara\u00fajo, C., Campanero, C., del Campo, R., Hern\u00e1ndez, P.E., Herranz, C., and Cintas, L.M. (2013). Antimicrobial activity, antibiotic susceptibility and virulence factors of Lactic Acid Bacteria of aquatic origin intended for use as probiotics in aquaculture. BMC Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-13-15"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idairyj.2005.09.008","article-title":"Deconjugation and bile salts hydrolase activity by Bifidobacterium strains with acquired resistance to bile","volume":"16","author":"Noriega","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. Dairy J."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1605(00)00398-6","article-title":"Potential probiotic lactic acid bacteria Lactobacillus rhamnosus (HN001), Lactobacillus acidophilus (HN017) and Bifidobacterium lactis (HN019) do not degrade gastric mucin in vitro","volume":"63","author":"Zhou","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"316","article-title":"Development of a detection system for histidine decarboxylating lactic acid bacteria based on DNA probes, PCR and activity test","volume":"78","author":"Hofstra","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2003.10.004","article-title":"Identification of the gene encoding a putative tyrosine decarboxylase of Carnobacterium divergens 508. Development of molecular tools for the detection of tyramine-producing bacteria","volume":"21","author":"Coton","year":"2004","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-68.4.874","article-title":"Multiplex PCR method for the simultaneous detection of histamine-, tyramine-, and putrescine-producing Lactic acid bacteria in foods","volume":"68","author":"Marcobal","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2022.113496","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity, molecular typing and in vitro safety assessment of Lactococcus garvieae isolates from healthy cultured rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum) and rearing environment","volume":"162","author":"Feito","year":"2022","journal-title":"LWT Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva, V., Correia, E., Pereira, J.E., Gonz\u00e1lez-Machado, C., Capita, R., Alonso-Calleja, C., Igrejas, G., and Poeta, P. (2022). Biofilm formation of Staphylococcus aureus from pets, livestock, and wild animals: Relationship with clonal lineages and antimicrobial resistance. Antibiotics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11060772"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2007.11.010","article-title":"Comparison of multiple methods for quantification of microbial biofilms grown in microtiter plates","volume":"72","author":"Peeters","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2014.04.002","article-title":"Acute Aeromonas salmonicida infection in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.). Histopathological and immunohistochemical studies","volume":"430","author":"Coscelli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3010","DOI":"10.1111\/are.15813","article-title":"Control of Edwardsiella tarda infection in turbot Scophthalmus maximus (L.) using phage vB_EtaM_ET-ABTNL-9","volume":"53","author":"Cui","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aquac. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.13628","article-title":"Transcriptome analysis of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) head kidney and liver reveals immune mechanism in response to Vibrio anguillarum infection","volume":"45","author":"Song","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Fish Dis."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2021.736525","article-title":"Isolation, identification and vaccine development of serotype III Streptococcus parauberis in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) in China","volume":"538","author":"Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2007.11.006","article-title":"Strain specificity in antimicrobial activity of silver and copper nanoparticles","volume":"4","author":"Ruparelia","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hardy, B.L., Bansal, G., Hewlett, K.H., Arora, A., Schaffer, S.D., Kamau, E., Bennett, J.W., and Merrell, D.S. (2020). Antimicrobial activity of clinically isolated bacterial species against Staphylococcus aureus. Front. Microbiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.02977"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2015.08.038","article-title":"Safety assessment and molecular genetic profiling by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and PCR-based techniques of Enterococcus faecium strains of food origin","volume":"65","author":"Herranz","year":"2016","journal-title":"LWT Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"653025","article-title":"Mechanisms used by probiotics to confer pathogen resistance to teleost fish","volume":"12","author":"Docando","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5916","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-62655-y","article-title":"Lactobacillus acidophilus and L. plantarum improve health status, modulate gut microbiota and innate immune response of marron (Cherax cainii)","volume":"10","author":"Foysal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eas.2022.100003","article-title":"Oral feed-based administration of Lactobacillus plantarum enhances growth, haematological and immunological responses in Cyprinus carpio","volume":"3","author":"Pandey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Emerg. Anim. Species"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, G., Wang, Y., Xue, R., Liu, T., Zhou, Z., and Yang, Z. (2023). Effects of the exopolysaccharide from Lactiplantibacillus plantarum HMX2 on the growth performance, immune response, and intestinal microbiota of juvenile turbot, Scophthalmus maximus. Foods, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12102051"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iorizzo, M., Albanese, G., Letizia, F., Testa, B., Tremonte, P., Vergalito, F., Lombardi, S.J., Succi, M., Coppola, R., and Sorrentino, E. (2022). Probiotic potentiality from versatile Lactiplantibacillus plantarum strains as resource to enhance freshwater fish health. Microorganisms, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10020463"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2023.740506","article-title":"Probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum SHY21-2 protected zebrafish against Aeromonas hydrophila infection by maintaining intestinal barrier integrity, inhibiting inflammatory and oxidative stress responses, and regulating intestinal microbiome","volume":"582","author":"Jian","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2011.11.008","article-title":"Effect of Lactobacillus plantarum isolated from digestive tract of wild shrimp on growth and survival of white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) challenged with Vibrio harveyi","volume":"32","author":"Kongnum","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"3","article-title":"Modulation of growth, skin mucus and serum immunities, and disease resistance of Nile tilapia fed host-associated probiotic (Lactobacillus paracasei l61-27b)","volume":"27","author":"Lumsangkul","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aquac Nutr"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2022.07.062","article-title":"Dietary of Lactobacillus paracasei and Bifidobacterium longum improve nonspecific immune responses, growth performance, and resistance against Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Penaeus vannamei","volume":"128","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106260","article-title":"Lacticaseibacillus paracasei fermentation broth identified peptide, Y2Fr, and its antibacterial activity on Vibrio parahaemolyticus","volume":"182","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lukic, J., Vukotic, G., Stanisavljevic, N., Kosanovic, D., Molnar, Z., Begovic, J., Terzic-Vidojevic, A., Jeney, G., and Ljubobratovic, U. (2019). Solid state treatment with Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei BGHN14 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus BGT10 improves nutrient bioavailability in granular fish feed. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0219558"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.12192","article-title":"Comparison of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus PCR and biochemical tests to characterize Lactococcus garvieae","volume":"38","author":"Ture","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Fish Dis."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.64.4.655-671.2000","article-title":"Probiotic bacteria as biological control agents in aquaculture","volume":"64","author":"Verschuere","year":"2000","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"1","article-title":"Application of probiotics for sustainable and environment-friendly aquaculture management\u2014A review","volume":"9","author":"Amenyogbe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cogent Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69731","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-20608-0","article-title":"Improvement of aquaculture water quality by mixed Bacillus and its effects on microbial community structure","volume":"29","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ) (2023). Update of the list of qualified presumption of safety (QPS) recommended microbiological agents intentionally added to food or feed as notified to EFSA 18: Suitability of taxonomic units notified to EFSA until March 2023. EFSA J., 21, e08092.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2023.8092"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muziasari, W.I., P\u00e4rn\u00e4nen, K., Johnson, T.A., Lyra, C., Karkman, A., Stedtfeld, R.D., Tamminen, M., Tiedje, J.M., and Virta, M. (2016). Aquaculture changes the profile of antibiotic resistance and mobile genetic element associated genes in Baltic Sea sediments. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol., 92.","DOI":"10.1093\/femsec\/fiw052"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673756","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.673756","article-title":"The impact of intensive fish farming on pond sediment microbiome and antibiotic resistance gene composition","volume":"8","author":"Valskys","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.117273","article-title":"Comparative resistome analysis of Aeromonas species in aquaculture reveals antibiotic resistance patterns and phylogeographic distribution","volume":"239","author":"Roh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mogrovejo, D.C., Perini, L., Gostin\u010dar, C., Sep\u010di\u0107, K., Turk, M., Ambro\u017ei\u010d-Avgu\u0161tin, J., Brill, F.H.H., and Gunder-Cimerman, N. (2020). Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance and hemolytic phenotypes in culturable arctic bacteria. Front. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.00570"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4936","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01118-09","article-title":"Gelatinase contributes to the pathogenesis of endocarditis caused by Enterococcus faecalis","volume":"78","author":"Thurlow","year":"2010","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2210","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-016-2224-x","article-title":"Biogenic amines in seafood: A review","volume":"53","author":"Biji","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2126274","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2022.2126274","article-title":"Biofilm-based delivery approaches and specific enrichment strategies of probiotics in the human gut","volume":"14","author":"Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mirzabekyan, S., Harutyunyan, N., Manvelyan, A., Malkhasyan, L., Balayan, M., Miralimova, S., Chikindas, M.L., Chistyakov, V., and Pepoyan, A. (2023). Fish probiotics: Cell surface properties of fish intestinal Lactobacilli and Escherichia coli. Microorganisms, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11030595"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u00f3mez, N.C., Ramiro, J.M.P., Quecan, B.X.V., and de Melo Franco, B.D.G. (2016). Use of potential probiotic Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) biofilms for the control of Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella typhimurium, and Escherichia coli O157:H7 biofilms formation. Front. Microbiol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00863"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salas-Jara, M.J., Ilabaca, A., Vega, M., and Garc\u00eda, A. (2016). Biofilm forming Lactobacillus: New challenges for the development of probiotics. Microorganisms, 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms4030035"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al Azzaz, J., Al Tarraf, A., Heumann, A., Barreira, D.S., Laurent, J., Assifaoui, A., Rieu, A., Guzzo, J., and Lapaquette, P. (2020). Resveratrol favors adhesion and biofilm formation of Lacticaseibacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei Strain ATCC334. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21155423"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martinez, S., Garcia, J.G., Williams, R., Elmassry, M., West, A., Hamood, A., Hurtado, D., Gudenkauf, B., Ventolini, G., and Schlabritz-Loutsevich, N. (2020). Lactobacilli spp.: Real-time evaluation of biofilm growth. BMC Microbiol., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-020-01753-3"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1186\/s13568-021-01320-7","article-title":"Biofilm formation and antagonistic activity of Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus (PTCC1712) and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (PTCC1745)","volume":"11","author":"Rezaei","year":"2021","journal-title":"AMB Expr."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/14\/10\/1415\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:42:27Z","timestamp":1760107347000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/14\/10\/1415"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,9]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ani14101415"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani14101415","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,9]]}}}