{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:08:01Z","timestamp":1760144881333,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,25]],"date-time":"2024-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716595200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Kasetsart University"},{"name":"Canada-ASEAN Scholarships and Educational Exchanges for Development (SEED)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This retrospective study aimed to evaluate the performance of hormone treatment protocols, determine the factors associated with pregnancy success after hormone treatment, and compare the cost-efficiencies of two types of hormone treatment among cyclic and noncyclic anestrous dairy cows. The clinical records of 279 anestrous cows that received hormone treatment for artificial insemination (AI) from 64 herds in the western region of Thailand were obtained from Kasetsart University Veterinary Teaching Hospital from January to August 2017. The performance of the hormone treatment protocols, fixed-time AI (TAI) and estrus detection before AI (EAI), showed that the pregnancy risk for the TAI protocol was higher than that for the EAI protocol, but pregnancy per AI did not differ significantly between the two protocols in cyclic and noncyclic cows. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that cows receiving the TAI protocol were more likely to be pregnant compared to those treated with the EAI protocol. Cows with a 3.00 body condition score (BCS) &lt; 3.75 after treatment and loose-housed cows were more likely to become pregnant. Treatment during winter showed higher pregnancy success than that in the summer and rainy seasons. The cost-efficiency analysis showed that the TAI protocol was the most cost-efficient option for noncyclic cows, whereas the EAI protocol was the most cost-efficient option for cyclic cows.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14111564","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,27]],"date-time":"2024-05-27T05:14:02Z","timestamp":1716786842000},"page":"1564","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Performance and Cost-Efficiency of Single Hormonal Treatment Protocols in Tropical Anestrous Dairy Cows"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0919-0651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thitiwich","family":"Changtes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Large Animal and Wildlife Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand"},{"name":"Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Sanchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4178-5273","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pipat","family":"Arunvipas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Large Animal and Wildlife Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thitiwan","family":"Patanasatienkul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Passawat","family":"Thammahakin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Large Animal and Wildlife Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiranij","family":"Jareonsawat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kasetsart University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Nong Pho, Ratchaburi 70120, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6622-1848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luke","family":"Heider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7659-9644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theera","family":"Rukkwamsuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Large Animal and Wildlife Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2016.512-518","article-title":"Reproductive disorders in dairy cattle under semi-intensive system of rearing in North-Eastern India","volume":"9","author":"Khan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. 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