{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T09:06:25Z","timestamp":1782896785422,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]],"date-time":"2024-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716854400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"2021 FI Scholarship, Departament de Recerca i Universitats, Generalitat de Catalunya, Spain","award":["FI_B 00171"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FI_B 00171"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Toxoplasma gondii is a generalist zoonotic parasite that involves a wide range of warm-blooded animals as intermediate hosts and felines as definitive hosts. Recent studies have proved significant positive associations between human population density and T. gondii seroprevalence in wildlife. However, there is limited data regarding T. gondii wildlife in urban areas, where the highest human density occurs. The present study aimed to analyse the T. gondii exposure in urban hedgehogs from the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona, NE Spain. One hundred eighteen hedgehogs were analysed for the presence of antibodies (modified agglutination test; n = 55) and parasite DNA (qPCR; heart = 34; brain = 60). Antibodies were detected in 69.09% of hedgehogs. T. gondii DNA was not detected in any of the analysed samples. The present study reports a high T. gondii seroprevalence in urban hedgehogs in areas surrounding Barcelona, the most densely human-populated area of NE Spain, reinforcing the association between human population density and environmental T. gondii oocysts. The lack of detection by molecular techniques warrants more studies. In the last few decades, the distribution and abundance of European hedgehogs have declined, including their urban populations. Further research is needed to investigate the impact of T. gondii on hedgehog populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14111596","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]],"date-time":"2024-05-28T13:32:55Z","timestamp":1716903175000},"page":"1596","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Exposure of Urban European Hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) to Toxoplasma gondii in Highly Populated Areas of Northeast Spain"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8007-0943","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandra","family":"Escudero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Anatom\u00eda Patol\u00f3gica, Departamento de Producci\u00f3n y Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Valencian Community, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3242-0758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Puig","family":"Ribas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife Conservation Medicine Research Group (WildCoM), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4228-717X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Ob\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Fauna Salvatge de Torreferrussa, Forestal Catalana, S.A., Generalitat de Catalunya, 08130 Santa Perp\u00e8tua de la Mogoda, Catalonia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0558-5488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sonia","family":"Almer\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Food Safety and Nutrition (CFSAN), Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment (OARSA), Division of Virulence Assessment, Laurel, MD 20708, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4939-6048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xavier Fern\u00e1ndez","family":"Aguilar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife Conservation Medicine Research Group (WildCoM), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain"},{"name":"Unitat Mixta d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 IRTA-UAB, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hojjat","family":"Gholipour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife Conservation Medicine Research Group (WildCoM), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman 76179-14111, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7543-8371","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oscar","family":"Cabez\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wildlife Conservation Medicine Research Group (WildCoM), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain"},{"name":"Unitat Mixta d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 IRTA-UAB, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9043-2346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael","family":"Molina-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de Fauna Salvatge de Torreferrussa, Forestal Catalana, S.A., Generalitat de Catalunya, 08130 Santa Perp\u00e8tua de la Mogoda, Catalonia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dubey, J.P. 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