{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]],"date-time":"2026-02-08T04:26:18Z","timestamp":1770524778447,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,30]],"date-time":"2024-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717027200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Slovak Research and Development Agency\u2014Departmental organization of the Ministry of Education, Science, Research, Development and Sports Youth of the Slovak Republic","award":["APVV-17-0017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APVV-17-0017"]}]},{"name":"Slovak Research and Development Agency\u2014Departmental organization of the Ministry of Education, Science, Research, Development and Sports Youth of the Slovak Republic","award":["APVV-22-0101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APVV-22-0101"]}]},{"name":"Slovak Research and Development Agency\u2014Departmental organization of the Ministry of Education, Science, Research, Development and Sports Youth of the Slovak Republic","award":["VEGA 1\/0373\/24"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VEGA 1\/0373\/24"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education, Research, Development and Youth of the Slovak Republic","award":["APVV-17-0017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APVV-17-0017"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education, Research, Development and Youth of the Slovak Republic","award":["APVV-22-0101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APVV-22-0101"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education, Research, Development and Youth of the Slovak Republic","award":["VEGA 1\/0373\/24"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VEGA 1\/0373\/24"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Crotalus snakebites induce various toxicological effects, encompassing neurological, myotoxic, and cytotoxic symptoms, with potentially fatal outcomes. Investigating venom toxicity is essential for public health, and developing new tools allows for these effects to be studied more comprehensively. The research goals include the elucidation of the physiological consequences of venom exposure and the assessment of toxicity using animal models. Chicken embryos serve as valuable models for assessing venom toxicity through the chick embryotoxicity screening test (CHEST) and the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay, particularly useful for evaluating vascular impacts. C. adamanteus venom application resulted in higher embryotoxicity and morphological abnormalities, such as Siamese twins. The CAM assay demonstrated the hemorrhagic effects of venom, varying with venom type and concentration. The irritant potential of both venom types was classified as slight or moderate depending on their concentration. Additionally, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was performed to receive information about organ toxicity. The results show that both venoms induced changes in the whole embryo, heart, and liver weights, but the C. adamanteus venom was identified as more toxic. Specific venom concentrations affected AChE activity in embryonic tissues. These findings underscore the embryotoxic and vasoactive properties of Crotalus venoms, providing valuable insights into their mechanisms of toxicity and potential applications in biomedicine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14111634","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,30]],"date-time":"2024-05-30T10:42:34Z","timestamp":1717065754000},"page":"1634","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A Comparative Analysis of the Cytotoxic and Vascular Activity Effects of Western Diamondback Rattlesnake (Crotalus atrox) and Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake (Crotalus adamanteus) Venoms Using a Chick Embryo Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9111-319X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbora","family":"Beke\u0161ov\u00e1","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komensk\u00e9ho 73, 041 81 Ko\u0161ice, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6554-8243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vladim\u00edr","family":"Petrilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komensk\u00e9ho 73, 041 81 Ko\u0161ice, Slovakia"},{"name":"Zoological Department, Zoological Garden Ko\u0161ice, \u0160irok\u00e1 31, 040 06 Ko\u0161ice-Kave\u010dany, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6782-0060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdal\u00e9na","family":"Poll\u00e1kov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komensk\u00e9ho 73, 041 81 Ko\u0161ice, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9929-0607","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zuzana","family":"Andrej\u010d\u00e1kov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komensk\u00e9ho 73, 041 81 Ko\u0161ice, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0977-8295","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Radoslava","family":"Vl\u010dkov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komensk\u00e9ho 73, 041 81 Ko\u0161ice, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5528-5128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Dyba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of the National Education Commission, Podchor\u0105\u017cych 2 Street, 30-084 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7971-9506","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Drahom\u00edra","family":"Sopkov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Physiology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komensk\u00e9ho 73, 041 81 Ko\u0161ice, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2233-0329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monika","family":"Petrillov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Competencies, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komensk\u00e9ho 73, 041 81 Ko\u0161ice, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9141-4211","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva","family":"Petrovov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphological Disciplines, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komensk\u00e9ho 73, 041 81 Ko\u0161ice, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3633-2173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaroslav","family":"Leg\u00e1th","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komensk\u00e9ho 73, 041 81 Kosice, Slovakia"},{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszow University of Technology, Powsta\u0144c\u00f3w Warszawy 6, 35-959 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brent, J., Burkhart, K., Dargan, P., Hatten, B., Megarbane, B., and Palmer, R. 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