{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T04:17:52Z","timestamp":1783397872020,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,2]],"date-time":"2024-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717286400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Essential oils (EOs), as rumen additives, decreased CH4 emissions in in vitro trials but results from in vivo studies are still limited. We investigated the effects of Origanum vulgare (OEO) and Thymus vulgaris (TEO) EOs on in vivo methane emissions from Nellore beef cattle. Six adult rumen-cannulated Nellore cattle were used in a double 3 \u00d7 3 Latin square design. Treatments consisted of three diets containing either 3 mL OEO per kg of concentrate, 3 mL TEO\/kg of concentrate, or no EO addition. The experimental period consisted of three 21 d feeding periods and methane production was measured using the sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) technique from Day 16 to Day 21 of each feeding period. Intake, total apparent digestibility (dry matter as well as neutral and acid detergent fiber), and rumen parameters (pH, ammoniacal nitrogen concentration, and short-chain fatty acids) were also evaluated. The EOs did not decrease CH4 emissions and had no effect on rumen parameters.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14111664","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]],"date-time":"2024-06-03T03:51:45Z","timestamp":1717386705000},"page":"1664","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Essential Oils in Nellore Beef Cattle: In Vivo Impact on Rumen Emissions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Benetel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo\u2014USP, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9304-6160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gisele Maria","family":"Fagundes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Roraima\u2014UFRR, BR 174, Km 12, Boa Vista 69300-000, RR, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4292-6210","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo","family":"de M\u00e9o-Filho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, University of California\u2014UC Davis, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thaysa dos Santos","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo\u2014USP, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kati\u00e9li Caroline","family":"Welter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo\u2014USP, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fl\u00e1via Alves","family":"Melo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo\u2014USP, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annelise Aila Gomes","family":"Lobo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo\u2014USP, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosa Toyoko Shiraishi","family":"Frighetto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development, Embrapa Meio Ambiente, Rod SP-340, Km 127, Jaguari\u00fana 13820-000, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8976-2399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandre","family":"Berndt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development, Embrapa Pecu\u00e1ria Sudeste, Rod Washington Luiz, Km 23, S\u00e3o Carlos 13560-970, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James Pierre","family":"Muir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas A&M AgriLife Research, 1229 North U.S. Hwy 281, Stephenville, TX 76401, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ives Cl\u00e1udio da Silva","family":"Bueno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo\u2014USP, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1071\/AN19448","article-title":"Tannin-rich forage as a methane mitigation strategy for cattle and the implications for rumen microbiota","volume":"61","author":"Fagundes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anim. Prod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2016.03.001","article-title":"Antibiotic and synthetic growth promoters in animal diets: Review of impact and analytical methods","volume":"72","author":"Ronquillo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2580","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2006-644","article-title":"Invited review: Essential oils as modifiers of rumen microbial fermentation","volume":"90","author":"Calsamiglia","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2007.04.014","article-title":"A review of plant-derived essential oils in ruminant nutrition and production","volume":"145","author":"Benchaar","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Anim. Feed Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02931391","article-title":"The effects of plant extracts on microbial comunity structure in a rumen-simulating continuous-culture system as revealed by molecular profiling","volume":"49","author":"Ferme","year":"2004","journal-title":"Folia Microb."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benetel, G., Silva, T.D.S., Fagundes, G.M., Welter, K.C., Melo, F.A., Lobo, A.A., Muir, J.P., and Bueno, I.C.S. (2022). Essential oils as in vitro ruminal fermentation manipulators to mitigate methane emission by beef cattle grazing tropical grasses. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27072227"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2019.103580","article-title":"A comprehensive review of the antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral potential of essential oils and their chemical constituents against drug-resistant microbial pathogens","volume":"134","author":"Tariq","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4765","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2008-1338","article-title":"Digestion, ruminal fermentation, ciliate protozoal populations, and milk produ-ction from dairy cows fed cinnamaldehyde, quebracho condensed tannin, or Yucca schidigera saponin extract","volume":"91","author":"Benchaar","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4393","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(05)73126-X","article-title":"Effect of garlic oil and four of its compounds on rumen microbial fermentation","volume":"88","author":"Busquet","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.3849","article-title":"Effects of extracts of spices on rumen methanogenesis, enzyme activities and fermentation of feeds in vitro","volume":"90","author":"Patra","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2014.11.013","article-title":"Manipulating rumen fermentation and methanogenesis using an essential oil and monensin in beef cattle fed a tropical grass hay","volume":"200","author":"Tomkins","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2015.12.103","article-title":"Critical evaluation of essential oils as rumen modifiers in ruminant nutrition: A review","volume":"545","author":"Cobellis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"National Research Council (NRC) (2000). Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle, National Academy Press. [7th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1476","DOI":"10.2527\/jas1986.6351476x","article-title":"Predicting digestibility of different diets with internal markers: Evaluation of four potential markers","volume":"63","author":"Cochran","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2051","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(88)79781-7","article-title":"In situ and other methods to estimate ruminal protein and energy digestibility: A review","volume":"71","author":"Nocek","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1021\/es00051a025","article-title":"Measurement of methane emissions from ruminant livestock using a sulfur hexafluoride tracer technique","volume":"28","author":"Johnson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Primavesi, O., Berndt, A., de LIMA, M.A., Frighetto, R.T.S., Demarchi, J.D.A., and Pedreira, M.D.S. (2002). Estoques de C e Emiss\u00f5es de Gases de Efeito Estufa na Agropecu\u00e1ria Brasileira, Embrapa. Cap. 8."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Berndt, A., Boland, T.M., Deighton, M.H., Gere, J.I., Grainger, C., Hegarty, R.S., Iwaasa, A.D., Koolaard, J.P., Lassey, K.R., and Luo, D. (2014). Guidelines for Use of Sulphur Hexafluoride (SF6) Tracer Technique to Measure Enteric Methane Emissions from Ruminants, Ministry for Primary Industries."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Westberg, H.H., Johnson, K.A., Cossalman, M.W., and Michal, J.J. (1998). USEPA. Evaluating Ruminant Livestock Efficiency Projects and Programs, Washington State University."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bueno, I.C.S., Brandi, R.A., Fagundes, G.M., Benetel, G., and Muir, J.P. (2020). The role of condensed tannins in the in vitro rumen fermentation kinetics in ruminant species: Feeding type involved?. Animals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10040635"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"81","article-title":"A micro method for determination of urea in plasma, whole blood cells using urease and phenol reagent","volume":"15","author":"Kulasek","year":"1972","journal-title":"Pol. J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Foldager, J. (1977). Protein Requirement and Non-Protein Nitrogen for High Producing Cow in Early Lactation. [Ph.D. Thesis, Michigan State University]."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"1217","article-title":"Gravimetric determination of amylase-treated neutral detergent fiber in feeds with refluxing in beaker or crucibles: Collaborative study","volume":"85","author":"Mertens","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. AOAC Int."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) (1998). Official Methods of Analysis, AOAC. [16th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3562","DOI":"10.2527\/1992.70113562x","article-title":"A net carbohydrate and protein system for evaluating cattle diets: II. Carbohydrate and protein availability","volume":"70","author":"Snnifen","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3230","DOI":"10.2527\/2004.82113230x","article-title":"Effects of natural plant extracts on ruminal protein degradation and fermentation profiles in continuous culture","volume":"82","author":"Cardozo","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Fugita, C.A. (2013). Aditivos Naturais na Dieta de Bovinos (Angus vs. Nellore) Terminados em Confinamento. [Ph.D. Thesis, Universidade Estadual de Maring\u00e1]."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2012-5975","article-title":"Effect of Origanum vulgare L. leaves on rumen fermentation, production, and milk fatty acid composition in lactating dairy cows","volume":"96","author":"Hristov","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2346","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2008-1493","article-title":"Effect of essential oils, tylosin, and monensin on finishing steer performance, carcass characteristics, liver ascesses, ruminal fermentation, and digestibility","volume":"87","author":"Meyer","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.22358\/jafs\/118208\/2020","article-title":"Effects of mixed essential oils from eucalyptus, thyme, and anise on composition, coagulation properties, and antioxidant capacity of the milk of dairy cows","volume":"29","author":"Giller","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Anim. Feed Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livsci.2014.01.009","article-title":"Voluntary feed intake and digestibility of four domestic ruminant species as influenced by dietary constituents: A meta-analysis","volume":"162","author":"Riaz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Livest. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2013.05.011","article-title":"Effects of essential oil combinations on sheep ruminal fermentation and digestibility of a diet with fumarate included","volume":"184","author":"Lin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(07)71572-2","article-title":"Effects of essential oils on digestion, ruminal fermentation, rumen microbial populations, milk production, and milk composition in dairy cows fed alfalfa silage or corn silage","volume":"90","author":"Benchaar","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"122","article-title":"Effects of four essential oils on nutrients digestibility of in vitro ruminal fermentation","volume":"42","author":"Kurniawati","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bull. Pet."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"441","article-title":"Effects of a specific blend of essential oil on rumen degradability, total tract digestibility and fermentation characteristics in rumen fistulated cows","volume":"15","author":"Metwally","year":"2015","journal-title":"Global. Vet."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4271","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00309-12","article-title":"Effects of essential oils on methane production and fermentation by, and abundance and diversity of, rumen microbial populations","volume":"78","author":"Patra","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2011.04.024","article-title":"Essential oils and opportunities to mitigate enteric methane emissions from ruminants","volume":"166","author":"Benchaar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12856","DOI":"10.3390\/su70912856","article-title":"Evaluation of the effects of mitigation on methane and ammonia production by using Origanum vulgare L. and Rosmarinus officinalis L. essential oils on in vitro rumen fermentation systems","volume":"7","author":"Cobellis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9902","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2019-16329","article-title":"Effect of dried oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) plant material in feed on methane production, rumen fermentation, nutrient digestibility, and milk fatty acid composition in dairy cows","volume":"102","author":"Olijhoek","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4157","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2020-19686","article-title":"Effects of the macroalga Asparagopsis taxiformis and oregano leaves on methane emission, rumen fermentation, and lactational performance of dairy cows","volume":"104","author":"Stefenoni","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"\u00d8rskov, E.R. (1988). Nutrici\u00f3n Proteica de Los Ruminantes, Acribia."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2008.03.008","article-title":"Influences of flavomycin, ropadiar, and saponin on nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation, and methane emission from sheep","volume":"148","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.4141\/cjas2012-059","article-title":"Effects of plants and essential oils on ruminal in vitro batch culture methane production and fermentation","volume":"92","author":"Tekippe","year":"2012","journal-title":"Can. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5569","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2010-4096","article-title":"Effects of essential oils on milk production, milk composition, and rumen microbiota in Chios dairy ewes","volume":"94","author":"Giannenas","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2649","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(06)72341-4","article-title":"Effect of essential oil active compounds on rumen microbial fermentation and nutrient flow in in vitro systems","volume":"89","author":"Castillejos","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.39.3.604-610.1980","article-title":"Effect of pH on the efficiency of growth by pure cultures of rumen bacteria in continuous culture","volume":"39","author":"Russel","year":"1980","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.4141\/CJAS07061","article-title":"Effects of essential oils on the proteolytic, deaminative, and methanogenic activities of mixed ruminal bacteria","volume":"88","author":"Chaves","year":"2008","journal-title":"Can. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3497","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2008-0885","article-title":"Manipulation of rumen ecology by dietary lemongrass (Cymbopogum citratus Stapf.) powder supplementation","volume":"86","author":"Wanapat","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2315","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2006-688","article-title":"Assessment of the effects of cinnamon leaf oil on rumen microbial fermentation using two continuous culture systems","volume":"90","author":"Fraser","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1007\/s002840010145","article-title":"Effects of thymol on ruminal microorganisms","volume":"41","author":"Evans","year":"2000","journal-title":"Curr. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2007.05.037","article-title":"In vitro evaluation of effects of ten essential oils at three doses on ruminal fermentation of high concentrate feedlot-type diets","volume":"145","author":"Castillejos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.17221\/6822-CJAS","article-title":"Evaluating the effects of six essential oils on fermentation and biohydrogenation in in vitro rumen batch cultures","volume":"58","author":"Ishlak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Czech J. Anim. Sci."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/14\/11\/1664\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:52:40Z","timestamp":1760107960000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/14\/11\/1664"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,2]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ani14111664"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani14111664","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,2]]}}}