{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T02:53:09Z","timestamp":1783479189643,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]],"date-time":"2024-06-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717372800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>An 8-month-old intact male domestic shorthair cat was referred to the Emergency Service of the Veterinary Teaching Hospital (VTH) of the Department of Veterinary Science of the University of Parma (Italy) from the Parma municipal multi-cat shelter, during the winter season (January 2023), for lethargy, anorexia, hypothermia, and hypoglycemia. At the VTH, upon cardiologic examination, an increase in heart rate, under normal blood pressure conditions, was detected. Signalment, clinical history, basal metabolic panel (BMP), ultrasound investigations, and cytological findings were all consistent with a diagnosis of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). FIP was confirmed in the effusive abdominal fluid by a molecular genetic test (real-time PCR for feline coronavirus RNA). The molecular genetic investigation also detected an FCoV S gene single-nucleotide mutation: biotype M1058L. At necropsy, an effusive collection was recorded in the abdomen, thoracic cavity, and pericardium sac. White parenchymal nodules, of about 1 mm diameter, were found on the surface and deep in the lungs, liver, kidneys, and heart. Histopathology revealed the typical FIP pyogranulomatous vasculitis and IHC confirmed the presence of the FIP virus (FIPV) antigen. The most relevant histopathological finding was the myocarditis\/myocardial necrosis associated with the presence of the S gene-mutated FCoV (M1058L biotype). This is the first case of myocarditis in a cat positive for the FCoV\/FIP M1058L biotype. Further studies are necessary to support the mutated FCoV M1058L biotype, as an uncommon, but possible, causative pathogen of myocarditis in FCoV\/FIP-positive cats. Studies including several FCoV\/FIP M1058L-positive cases could allow us to make a correlation with heart gross pathology, histopathology, and immunolocalization of the FCoV\/FIP M1058L biotype in the myocardium. The investigation will potentially allow us to determine the effective tropism of the FCoV\/FIP M1058L biotype for myocardiocytes or whether myocardiocyte lesions are evident in the presence of concomitant causes related to the patient, its poor condition, or external environmental distress such as cold season, and whether the aforementioned concomitant events are correlated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14111673","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]],"date-time":"2024-06-03T12:19:46Z","timestamp":1717417186000},"page":"1673","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Myocarditis in an FIP-Diseased Cat with FCoV M1058L Mutation: Clinical and Pathological Changes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7033-0596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Guarnieri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0518-5748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Bertola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, 26900 Lodi, Italy"},{"name":"Mouse and Animal Pathology Laboratory (MAPLab), Fondazione Unimi, 20139 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5428-1595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Ferrari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0390-1771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cecilia","family":"Quintavalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4511-9748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Attilio","family":"Corradi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1943-4733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosanna","family":"Di Lecce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Felten, S., and Hartmann, K. (2019). Diagnosis of feline infectious peritonitis: A review of the current literature. Viruses, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/v11111068"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2009.05.008","article-title":"Feline Infectious peritonitis. ABCD guidelines on prevention and management","volume":"11","author":"Addie","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2020.12.023","article-title":"Mutation analysis of the spike protein in Italian feline infectious peritonitis virus and feline enteric coronavirus sequences Res","volume":"135","author":"Decaro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1698","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.020214-0","article-title":"Sites of feline coronavirus persistence in healthy cats","volume":"91","author":"Kipar","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199059","article-title":"An updated review of feline coronavirus: Mind the two biotypes","volume":"326","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2003.08.007","article-title":"High viral loads despite absence of clinical and pathological findings in cats infected with feline coronavirus (FCoV) type I and naturally FCoV infected cats J","volume":"6","author":"Meli","year":"2004","journal-title":"Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"2483","article-title":"Replication of feline coronavirus in peripheral blood monocytes Arch","volume":"150","author":"Dewerchin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Virol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.3390\/v1020166","article-title":"Significance of coronavirus mutants in feces and diseased tissues of cats suffering from feline infectious peritonitis","volume":"1","author":"Pedersen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2014.09.001","article-title":"The influence of age and genetics on natural resistance to experimentally induced feline infectious peritonitis","volume":"162","author":"Pedersen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1509.081573","article-title":"Genetics and pathogenesis of feline infectious peritonitis virus","volume":"15","author":"Brown","year":"2009","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"255","article-title":"Feline infectious peritonitis","volume":"3","author":"Wolfe","year":"1966","journal-title":"Pathol. Vet."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"368","article-title":"An enteric coronavirus infection of cats and its relationship with feline infectious peritonitis","volume":"42","author":"Pedersen","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"2055116919879256","article-title":"Feline coronavirus-associated myocarditis in domestic longhair cat","volume":"5","author":"Ernandes","year":"2019","journal-title":"JFMS Open Rep."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"148","article-title":"Two feline cases of dilated cardiomyopathy-like disease caused by feline infectious peritonitis virus","volume":"25","author":"Yoshida","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Anim. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"117","article-title":"Mutation of 3c and spike protein genes correlate with the occurrence of feline infectious peritonitis","volume":"173","author":"Stalikamp","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2017.12.027","article-title":"Feline coronavirus: Insight into viral pathogenesis based on the spike protein structure and function","volume":"517","author":"Jaimes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11040460","article-title":"Epidemiology and comparative analysis of the S gene on feline coronavirus in central China","volume":"11","author":"Ouyang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2018.06.010","article-title":"Differential susceptibility of macrophages to serotype II feline coronaviruses correlates with differences in the viral spike protein","volume":"255","author":"Shirato","year":"2018","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X18762883","article-title":"Detection of feline coronavirus mutations in paraffin-embedded tissues in cats with feline infectious peritonitis and controls","volume":"21","author":"Sangl","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"AVMA Panel on Euthanasia (2020). AVMA Guidelines for the Euthanasia of Animals: 2020 Edition, American Veterinary Medical Association. Version 2020.0.1."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X18758592","article-title":"Diagnosis of feline infectious peritonitis: Update on evidence supporting available tests","volume":"20","author":"Tasker","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Hartmann, K. (2017). Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Elsevier. [8th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"1091","article-title":"Neurology diagnosis and clinical signs of feline infectious peritonitis in the central nervous system","volume":"50","author":"Diaz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Can. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.151.17.497","article-title":"Kitten mortality in the United Kingdom: A retrospective analysis of 274 histopathological examinations (1986 to 2000)","volume":"151","author":"Cave","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2001.218.1111","article-title":"Epidemiology of feline infectious peritonitis among cats examined at veterinary medical teaching hospitals","volume":"218","author":"Rohrbach","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2008.09.008","article-title":"A review of feline infectious peritonitis virus infection: 1963\u20132008","volume":"11","author":"Pedersen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"S97","article-title":"Feline infectious peritonitis \u2013 new developments in pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management","volume":"47","author":"Hartmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Thai J. Vet. Med. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9100852","article-title":"Concordance between histology, immunohistochemistry, and RT-PCR in the diagnosis of feline infectious peritonitis","volume":"9","author":"Stranieri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.17555\/jvc.2017.12.34.6.437","article-title":"Recurrent pericardial effusion with feline infectious peritonitis in a cat","volume":"34","author":"Baek","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Vet. Clin."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5208","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-84754-0","article-title":"A retrospective study of clinical and laboratory features and treatment on cats highly suspected of feline infectious peritonitis in Wuhan, China","volume":"11","author":"Yin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.3390\/v14030481","article-title":"Clinical and molecular relationships between COVID-19 and feline infectious peritonitis (FIP)","volume":"14","author":"Sweet","year":"2022","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X15586209","article-title":"Clinical and laboratory features of cats with feline infectious peritonitis\u2014A retrospective study of 231 confirmed cases (2000\u20132010)","volume":"18","author":"Riemer","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.5326\/0460152","article-title":"Abdominal ultrasonographic findings associated with feline infectious peritonitis: A retrospective review of 16 cases","volume":"46","author":"Lewis","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X18809165","article-title":"Diagnosis of non-effusive feline infectious peritonitis by reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR from mesenteric lymph node fine-needle aspirates","volume":"21","author":"Dunbar","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Feline. Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985817728557","article-title":"Feline infectious peritonitis: Immunohistochemical features of ocular inflammation and the distribution of viral antigens in structures of the eye","volume":"54","author":"Ziolkowska","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"111","article-title":"Feline infectious peritonitis with neurologic involvement: Clinical and pathological findings in 24 cats","volume":"30","author":"Kline","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olarte-Castillo, X.A., Licitra, B.N., Abdr\u00e9, N.M., Sierra, M.A., Mason, C.E., Goodman, L.B., and Whittaker, G.R. (2023). Intra-host variation in the spike S1\/S2 region of feline coronavirus type-1 in a cat with persistent infection. bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.07.31.551356"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-022-00914-9","article-title":"Genetic alteration of human MYH6 is mimicked by SARS-CoV2 polyprotein: Mapping viral variants of cardiac interest","volume":"8","author":"Anand","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1786","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13856","article-title":"Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) and coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19): Are they similar?","volume":"68","author":"Paltrinieri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/14\/11\/1673\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:53:11Z","timestamp":1760107991000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/14\/11\/1673"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ani14111673"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani14111673","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]]}}}