{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T01:10:40Z","timestamp":1789780240472,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,5]],"date-time":"2024-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717545600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Major Scientific and Technological Programs for Selection and Breeding of New Agricultural (Aquatic) Breeds in Zhejiang Province","award":["2021C02069-5-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021C02069-5-4"]}]},{"name":"Major Scientific and Technological Programs for Selection and Breeding of New Agricultural (Aquatic) Breeds in Zhejiang Province","award":["2023SNJF064"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023SNJF064"]}]},{"name":"Major Scientific and Technological Programs for Selection and Breeding of New Agricultural (Aquatic) Breeds in Zhejiang Province","award":["2023Z113"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023Z113"]}]},{"name":"Major Scientific and Technological Programs for Selection and Breeding of New Agricultural (Aquatic) Breeds in Zhejiang Province","award":["LGN21C190011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LGN21C190011"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Province, \u201cthree rural nine parties\u201d science and technology cooperation program \u201cto reveal the list of commanders\u201d project","award":["2021C02069-5-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021C02069-5-4"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Province, \u201cthree rural nine parties\u201d science and technology cooperation program \u201cto reveal the list of commanders\u201d project","award":["2023SNJF064"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023SNJF064"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Province, \u201cthree rural nine parties\u201d science and technology cooperation program \u201cto reveal the list of commanders\u201d project","award":["2023Z113"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023Z113"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Province, \u201cthree rural nine parties\u201d science and technology cooperation program \u201cto reveal the list of commanders\u201d project","award":["LGN21C190011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LGN21C190011"]}]},{"name":"Ningbo Key R&amp;D Programs and \u201cListed and Commanded\u201d Project","award":["2021C02069-5-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021C02069-5-4"]}]},{"name":"Ningbo Key R&amp;D Programs and \u201cListed and Commanded\u201d Project","award":["2023SNJF064"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023SNJF064"]}]},{"name":"Ningbo Key R&amp;D Programs and \u201cListed and Commanded\u201d Project","award":["2023Z113"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023Z113"]}]},{"name":"Ningbo Key R&amp;D Programs and \u201cListed and Commanded\u201d Project","award":["LGN21C190011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LGN21C190011"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Public Welfare Technology Application Research Program Project","award":["2021C02069-5-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021C02069-5-4"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Public Welfare Technology Application Research Program Project","award":["2023SNJF064"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023SNJF064"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Public Welfare Technology Application Research Program Project","award":["2023Z113"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023Z113"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Public Welfare Technology Application Research Program Project","award":["LGN21C190011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LGN21C190011"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Agonistic behavior has been identified as a limiting factor in the development of intensive L. vannamei aquaculture. However, the characteristics and molecular mechanisms underlying agonistic behavior in L. vannamei remain unclear. In this study, we quantified agonistic behavior through a behavioral observation system and generated a comprehensive database of eyestalk and brain ganglion tissues obtained from both aggressive and nonaggressive L. vannamei employing transcriptome analysis. The results showed that there were nine behavior patterns in L. vannamei which were correlated, and the fighting followed a specific process. Transcriptome analysis revealed 5083 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in eyestalk and 1239 DEGs in brain ganglion between aggressive and nonaggressive L. vannamei. Moreover, these DEGs were primarily enriched in the pathways related to the energy metabolism process and signal transduction. Specifically, the phototransduction (dme04745) signaling pathway emerges as a potential key pathway for the adjustment of the L. vannamei agonistic behavior. The G protein-coupled receptor kinase 1-like (LOC113809193) was screened out as a significant candidate gene within the phototransduction pathway. Therefore, these findings contribute to an enhanced comprehension of crustacean agonistic behavior and provide a theoretical basis for the selection and breeding of L. vannamei varieties suitable for high-density aquaculture environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14111691","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,5]],"date-time":"2024-06-05T10:05:50Z","timestamp":1717581950000},"page":"1691","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Observation of Agonistic Behavior in Pacific White Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) and Transcriptome Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Bo","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ninghai Institute of Mariculture Breeding and Seed Industry, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo 315000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenxi","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ninghai Institute of Mariculture Breeding and Seed Industry, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo 315000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiafei","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ninghai Institute of Mariculture Breeding and Seed Industry, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo 315000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9402-3232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhilan","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Aquacultural Seeds Industry and Green Cultivation Technologies, College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo 315000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minhai","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ninghai Institute of Mariculture Breeding and Seed Industry, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo 315000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"187","article-title":"An analysis of inter-and intraspecific aggregations in two sympatric species of hermit crab (Decapoda, Anomura, Paguridae)","volume":"2","author":"Meadows","year":"1973","journal-title":"Mar. Freshw. Behav. Phy."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2011.10.004","article-title":"The effect of variation in boldness and aggressiveness on the reproductive success of zebrafish","volume":"83","author":"Ariyomo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2013.06.019","article-title":"Aggression and sex differences in lateralization in the zebrafish","volume":"86","author":"Ariyomo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2174","article-title":"Neural mechanisms of aggression","volume":"8","author":"Nelson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2004.06.017","article-title":"Changes in blood glucose and lactate levels of male fiddler crabs: Effects of aggression and claw waving","volume":"69","author":"Matsumasa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anim. Behav."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"FAO (2022). Fisheries and Aquaculture. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture. Towards Blue Transformation, FAO."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"67","article-title":"Cannibalism in the tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon Fabricius in nursery rearing phase","volume":"9","author":"Abdussamad","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Aquac. Trop."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2015.09.017","article-title":"Comparison of designs for estimating genetic parameters and obtaining response to selection for social interaction traits in aquaculture","volume":"451","author":"Bijma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaeng.2007.10.003","article-title":"Performance of an intensive nursery system for the Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, under limited discharge condition","volume":"38","author":"Mishra","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aquac. Eng."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102063","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaeng.2020.102063","article-title":"The effects of density and artificial substrate on intensive shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei nursery production","volume":"89","author":"Tierney","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aquac. Eng."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735949","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2020.735949","article-title":"The influence of density and dominance on Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) feeding behaviour","volume":"531","author":"Bardera","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-7345.2005.tb00126.x","article-title":"A methodology for evaluation of dietary feeding stimulants for the Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei","volume":"36","author":"Sanchez","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. World Aquac. Soc."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaeng.2013.03.003","article-title":"Growth modelling including size heterogeneity: Application to the intensive culture of white shrimp (P. vannamei) in freshwater","volume":"56","author":"Araneda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aquac. Eng."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12711-015-0164-y","article-title":"An analysis of indirect genetic effects on adult body weight of the Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei at low rearing density","volume":"47","author":"Luan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Genet. Sel. Evol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2016.02.028","article-title":"Krill meal enhances performance of feed pellets through concentration-dependent prolongation of consumption by Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei","volume":"458","author":"Derby","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaeng.2020.102114","article-title":"An acoustic based approach to evaluate the effect of different diet lengths on feeding behavior of Litopenaeus vannamei","volume":"91","author":"Peixoto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aquac. Eng."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2233","DOI":"10.1111\/are.15075","article-title":"Analysis of the agonistic behaviour and behaviour pattern of Portunus trituberculatus","volume":"52","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aquac. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2019.734222","article-title":"The effect of short-term feed-deprivation and moult status on feeding behaviour of the Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)","volume":"511","author":"Bardera","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1089\/zeb.2011.0690","article-title":"Fighting zebrafish: Characterization of aggressive behavior and winner\u2013loser effects","volume":"8","author":"Oliveira","year":"2011","journal-title":"Zebrafish"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, W., Zhang, H., Wang, P., Wei, Y., Chen, C., Hou, Y., Deng, X., Li, S., Sun, S., and Cai, Q. (2022). The Multiple Influences of Natural Farming Environment on the Cultured Population Behavior of Kuruma Prawn, Penaeus japonicus. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12233383"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1111\/raq.12282","article-title":"The importance of behaviour in improving the production of shrimp in aquaculture","volume":"11","author":"Bardera","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Aquac."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104946","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2020.104946","article-title":"The influence of sex on feeding behaviour in Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)","volume":"224","author":"Bardera","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.3391\/ai.2016.11.1.07","article-title":"Laboratory assessment of feeding-behavior interactions between the introduced Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) (Penaeidae) and five native shrimps plus a crab species in Thailand","volume":"11","author":"Chavanich","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aquat. Invasions"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-08197-4","article-title":"Penaeid shrimp genome provides insights into benthic adaptation and frequent molting","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.12677\/AMS.2018.52002","article-title":"Recent Advances in the Transcriptomic Study of Shrimps","volume":"5","author":"Zuo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"173","article-title":"Screening, cloning and expression analysis of genes related to competitive behavior in Fenneropenaeus chinensis","volume":"63","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Shanghai Ocean Univ."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-021-02936-w","article-title":"TPM, FPKM, or normalized counts? A comparative study of quantification measures for the analysis of RNA-seq data from the NCI patient-derived models repository","volume":"19","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-00050-4","article-title":"Gaining comprehensive biological insight into the transcriptome by performing a broad-spectrum RNA-seq analysis","volume":"8","author":"Sahraeian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","article-title":"Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2\u2212\u0394\u0394CT method","volume":"25","author":"Livak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1080\/23308249.2016.1221379","article-title":"Cannibalism of decapod crustaceans and implications for their aquaculture: A review of its prevalence, influencing factors, and mitigating methods","volume":"25","author":"Romano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Fish. Sci. Aquac."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2015.07.011","article-title":"A comparative study of the effect of starvation regimes on the foraging behavior of Portunus trituberculatus and Charybdis japonica","volume":"151","author":"Sun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1086\/710337","article-title":"Chemosensory basis of feeding behavior in Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei","volume":"239","author":"Eap","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"340","article-title":"Research advances in behavioral ecology of penaeid shrimp II. Effects of environmental factors on behavior of penaeid shrimps","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao J. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jembe.2007.07.004","article-title":"Assessment games in shore crab fights","volume":"351","author":"Smallegange","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.11.031","article-title":"Mapping sub-second structure in mouse behavior","volume":"88","author":"Wiltschko","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1007\/s12160-016-9773-0","article-title":"An ethogram to quantify operating room behavior","volume":"50","author":"Jones","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Behav. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patter.2020.100194","article-title":"Animal behavior and animal personality from a non-human perspective: Getting help from the machine","volume":"2","author":"Forkosh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Patterns"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2019.112621","article-title":"The serotonin or dopamine by cyclic adenosine monophosphate-protein kinase A pathway involved in the agonistic behaviour of Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis","volume":"209","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2003.2633","article-title":"Use of energy reserves in fighting hermit crabs","volume":"271","author":"Briffa","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2021.736471","article-title":"Effect of different amount of food and female resource on competitive strategy and agonistic behavior of swimming crab (Portunus trituberculatus)","volume":"536","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1007\/s00265-015-1947-4","article-title":"Testing for relationships between individual crab behavior and metabolic rate across ecological contexts","volume":"69","author":"Toscano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1093\/beheco\/ars161","article-title":"The growth benefits of aggressive behavior vary with individual metabolism and resource predictability","volume":"24","author":"Hoogenboom","year":"2013","journal-title":"Behav. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cois.2019.03.002","article-title":"Neuropeptides in modulation of Drosophila behavior: How to get a grip on their pleiotropic actions","volume":"36","author":"Pauls","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Insect Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.150.1.111","article-title":"Electrophysiological properties of crayfish retinal photoreceptors","volume":"150","author":"Picones","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.2108\/zs220118","article-title":"Phototaxis in Two Shallow-Water Zeuxo Species (Crustacea: Tanaidacea)","volume":"40","author":"Okamoto","year":"2023","journal-title":"Zool. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2016.05.001","article-title":"Synchronization to light and mealtime of the circadian rhythms of self-feeding behavior and locomotor activity of white shrimps (Litopenaeus vannamei)","volume":"199","author":"Santos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part A Mol. Integr. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.120594","article-title":"Under the influence of light: How light pollution disrupts personality and metabolism in hermit crabs","volume":"316","author":"Velasque","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1177\/0748730408328933","article-title":"Circadian regulation of agonistic behavior in groups of parthenogenetic marbled crayfish, Procambarus sp","volume":"24","author":"Reischig","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biol. Rhythm."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2007.11.002","article-title":"Melanopsin: An exciting photopigment","volume":"31","author":"Hankins","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pang, Y.Y., Zhang, C., Xu, M.J., Huang, G.Y., Cheng, Y.X., and Yang, X.Z. (2019). The transcriptome sequencing and functional analysis of eyestalk ganglions in Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) treated with different photoperiods. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0210414"}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/14\/11\/1691\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:54:12Z","timestamp":1760108052000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/14\/11\/1691"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,5]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ani14111691"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani14111691","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,5]]}}}