{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T06:40:03Z","timestamp":1780641603166,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,21]],"date-time":"2024-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718928000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2022YFD1300401"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFD1300401"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["32072779"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32072779"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2022YFD1300401"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFD1300401"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["32072779"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32072779"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tryptophan plays an important role in the pig industry but has the potential to improve performance in the poultry industry. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of tryptophan supplementation in diets with different protein levels on the feed intake, average daily gain (ADG), and feed conversion ratio (F\/G) of broilers. A total of 180 twenty-one-day-old broilers (half male and half female) were weighed and randomly allocated to twelve groups, with six male and six female groups. Each group consisted of 15 broilers. The broilers were fed low- (17.2%), medium- (19.2%), or high- (21.2%) protein diets with or without extra tryptophan (up to 0.25%) during the 28-day experiment. Food intake and body weight were measured weekly during the trial period. Male broilers fed a medium-protein diet containing more tryptophan showed a lower F\/G. In the low-protein diet groups, additional tryptophan caused a significant reduction in the feed intake of female broilers during the first two weeks. Moreover, the serum GLP-1, cholesterol, and bile acid levels, as well as the expression of FXR mRNA in the ileum, were significantly increased. Additionally, the FXR mRNA in the hypothalamus and the GCG and GLP-1R mRNAs in the ileum tended to increase in these broilers. In summary, the tryptophan concentration in the diet can influence the feed intake and metabolism of broilers. Under a standard diet, an appropriate amount of tryptophan is beneficial to the F\/G of male broilers, while under a low-protein diet, tryptophan supplementation may cause a short-term reduction in the feed intake of female broilers by increasing serum GLP-1 and bile acid signals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14131838","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,21]],"date-time":"2024-06-21T03:44:49Z","timestamp":1718941489000},"page":"1838","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Effects of Tryptophan Supplementation in Diets with Different Protein Levels on the Production Performance of Broilers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Kailai","family":"Xie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiajie","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuqing","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingwen","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingfen","family":"Mo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaohua","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shangwu","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gang","family":"Shu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9190-9401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Songbo","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Canjun","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yijie","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingyan","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8133-3349","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lina","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2020.1234-1244","article-title":"Supplementation of a low-protein diet with tryptophan, threonine, and valine and its impact on growth performance, blood biochemical constituents, immune parameters, and carcass traits in broiler chickens","volume":"13","author":"Ahmed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. 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