{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T04:17:29Z","timestamp":1791433049988,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]],"date-time":"2024-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719878400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chlamydiosis, caused by Chlamydia psittaci is a bacterial infection found in at least 465 species of birds worldwide. It is highly contagious among birds and can spread to humans. In birds, the disease can manifest itself in acute, subacute, and chronic forms with signs including anorexia, diarrhea, lethargy, weight loss, or, occasionally, mucopurulent or serous oculonasal discharge. This article describes an outbreak of chlamydiosis that occurred in a commercial psittacine breeding aviary in 2021 in Buenos Aires province, Argentina. In total, 16 juvenile blue-fronted parrots, more than 60 blue-fronted parrot chicks, and 2 adult macaws died during the outbreak. In all cases, clinical signs were weight loss, diarrhea, yellowish green excrement, and respiratory distress. The necropsy of four juvenile blue-fronted parrots, two blue-fronted parrot chicks, and two adult macaws revealed cachexia, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, splenic petechial hemorrhages, ascites, pulmonary edema, and hydropericardium. Histologically, multifocal lymphoplasmacytic and heterophilic airsaculitis, multifocal lymphoplasmacytic and necrotizing hepatitis with intracytoplasmic elementary bodies, multifocal necro-heterophilic hepatitis, multifocal lymphoplasmacytic nephritis, and diffuse heterophilic pneumonia were found. A presumptive diagnosis was established based on gross and microscopic lesions, and it was confirmed using immunohistochemistry and polymerase chain reactions. The sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the ompA gene revealed genotype A and B of Chlamydia psittaci.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14131959","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]],"date-time":"2024-07-02T11:23:55Z","timestamp":1719919435000},"page":"1959","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Outbreak of Chlamydia psittaci Infection in a Commercial Psittacine Breeding Aviary in Argentina"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8449-4823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Bel\u00e9n","family":"Riccio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Diagn\u00f3stico Veterinario FCV Tandil, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil B7000GHG, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4694-6996","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge Pablo","family":"Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Diagn\u00f3stico Veterinario FCV Tandil, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil B7000GHG, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1626-189X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Laura","family":"Chiapparrone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Microbiolog\u00eda Cl\u00ednica y Experimental, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN) (UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil B7000GHG, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5546-4847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juliana","family":"Cant\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Microbiolog\u00eda Cl\u00ednica y Experimental, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN) (UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil B7000GHG, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3690-4496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudio","family":"Cacciato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Microbiolog\u00eda Cl\u00ednica y Experimental, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN) (UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil B7000GHG, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0684-2375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier Anibal","family":"Origlia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"C\u00e1tedra de Patolog\u00eda de Aves y Pil\u00edferos, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata B1900BVB, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1710-8785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Estela","family":"Cadario","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INEI-ANLIS \u00abDr. Carlos G. Malbr\u00e1n\u00bb, Ciudad Aut\u00f3noma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires B1282AFF, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9763-7432","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Santiago Sain","family":"Diab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0681-1878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco Alejandro","family":"Uzal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, San Bernardino, CA 92408, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stokes, H.S., Berg, M.L., and Bennett, A.T.D. (2021). A Review of Chlamydial infections in wild birds. Pathogens, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10080948"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-021-02859-0","article-title":"A comprehensive review on avian Chlamydiosis: A neglected zoonotic disease","volume":"53","author":"Ravichandran","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jenkins, C., Jelocnik, M., Onizawa, E., McNally, J., Coilparampil, R., Pinczowski, P., Bogema, D., and Westermann, T. (2021). Chlamydia pecorum ovine abortion: Associations between maternal infection and perinatal mortality. Pathogens, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10111367"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marti, H., and Jelocnik, M. (2022). Animal Chlamydiae: A concern for human and veterinary medicine. Pathogens, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11030364"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1307.070074","article-title":"Chlamydophila psittaci transmission from pet birds to humans","volume":"13","author":"Vanrompay","year":"2007","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1002\/2052-2975.29","article-title":"Clinical features of endemic community-acquired Psittacosis","volume":"2","author":"Branley","year":"2014","journal-title":"New Microbes New Infect."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1103.040601","article-title":"Probable Psittacosis outbreak linked to wild birds","volume":"11","author":"Telfer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1647\/217-265","article-title":"Compendium of measures to control Chlamydia psittaci infection among humans (Psittacosis) and pet birds (Avian Chlamydiosis), 2017","volume":"31","author":"Balsamo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Avian Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.16166","article-title":"Severe pneumonia caused by Chlamydia psittaci: Report of two cases and literature review","volume":"16","author":"Dai","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dev. Ctries."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.10.034","article-title":"Zoonotic infection with Chlamydia psittaci at an avian refuge centre","volume":"199","author":"Kalmar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2015.1839","article-title":"Avian Chlamydiosis zoonotic disease","volume":"16","author":"Niemczuk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1080\/03079450310001593613","article-title":"Avian host range of Chlamydophila spp. based on isolation, antigen detection and serology","volume":"32","author":"Kaleta","year":"2003","journal-title":"Avian Pathol. J. WVPA"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Markey, B.K. (2013). Clinical Veterinary Microbiology, Elsevier. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1080\/03079459008418686","article-title":"Pathological studies on Chlamydiosis in parakeets (Psittacula krameri manillensis)","volume":"19","author":"Suwa","year":"1990","journal-title":"Avian Pathol. J. WVPA"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"19","article-title":"Pathology of experimental chlamydiosis in turkeys","volume":"64","author":"Vanrompay","year":"1995","journal-title":"Vlaams Diergeneeskd. Tijdschr."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.1994.9694414","article-title":"Chlamydia psittaci infections in birds: A review on the pathogenesis and histopathological features","volume":"16","author":"Dorrestein","year":"1994","journal-title":"Vet. Q."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.2018.1482028","article-title":"Chlamydia psittaci and C. avium in feral pigeon (Columba livia domestica) droppings in two cities in the Netherlands","volume":"38","author":"Burt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Q."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kowalczyk, K., and W\u00f3jcik-Fatla, A. (2022). Chlamydia psittaci in faecal samples of feral pigeons (Columba livia forma urbana) in urban areas of Lublin City, Poland. Curr. Microbiol., 79.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-022-03072-4"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2019.12.006","article-title":"A Ten-year-surveillance program of zoonotic pathogens in feral pigeons in the city of Madrid (2005\u20132014): The importance of a systematic pest control","volume":"128","author":"Porrero","year":"2020","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2021.105370","article-title":"Global Prevalence of Chlamydial Infections in Birds: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"192","author":"Sukon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-020-01429-0","article-title":"Metagenomic next-generation sequencing in the diagnosis of severe pneumonias caused by Chlamydia psittaci","volume":"48","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1080\/17843286.2019.1590889","article-title":"Human psittacosis: A review with emphasis on surveillance in Belgium","volume":"75","author":"Rybarczyk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Clin. Belg."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"139","article-title":"Brote de psitacosis durante la pandemia de COVID-19 en la provincia de santa Fe. Serie de casoS","volume":"10","author":"Villagra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Argent. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szyma\u0144ska-Czerwi\u0144ska, M., Mitura, A., Niemczuk, K., Zar\u0119ba, K., Jode\u0142ko, A., Pluta, A., Scharf, S., Vitek, B., Aaziz, R., and Vorimore, F. (2017). Dissemination and genetic diversity of Chlamydial agents in polish wildfowl: Isolation and molecular characterisation of avian Chlamydia abortus strains. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0174599"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mattmann, P., Marti, H., Borel, N., Jelocnik, M., Albini, S., and Vogler, B.R. (2019). Chlamydiaceae in wild, feral and domestic pigeons in Switzerland and insight into population dynamics by Chlamydia psittaci multilocus sequence typing. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0226088"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"130","article-title":"Detection and molecular characterization of Chlamydia psittaci and Chlamydia abortus in psittacine pet birds in Buenos Aires Province, Argentina","volume":"51","author":"Origlia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Argent. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.47157-0","article-title":"Chlamydophila psittaci Genotype E\/B transmission from african grey parrots to humans","volume":"56","author":"Harkinezhad","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barrow, G.I., and Feltham, R.K.A. (1993). Cowan and Steel\u2019s Manual for the Identification of Medical Bacteria, Cambridge University Press. [3rd ed.].","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511527104"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laroucau, K., Vorimore, F., Aaziz, R., Solmonson, L., Hsia, R.C., Bavoil, P.M., Fach, P., H\u00f6lzer, M., Wuenschmann, A., and Sachse, K. (2019). Chlamydia buteonis, a new Chlamydia species isolated from a red-shouldered hawk. Syst. Appl. Microbiol., 42.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.syapm.2019.06.002"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2008.02.025","article-title":"New Real-Time PCR Tests for species-specific detection of Chlamydophila psittaci and Chlamydophila abortus from tissue samples","volume":"181","author":"Pantchev","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2008.08.015","article-title":"Development of Novel Real-Time PCR Assays for detecting DNA virus infections in Psittaciform birds","volume":"154","author":"Katoh","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1870","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msw054","article-title":"MEGA7: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 7.0 for Bigger Datasets","volume":"33","author":"Kumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pannekoek, Y., Dickx, V., Beeckman, D.S.A., Jolley, K.A., Keijzers, W.C., Vretou, E., Maiden, M.C.J., Vanrompay, D., and van der Ende, A. (2010). Multi locus sequence typing of Chlamydia reveals an association between Chlamydia psittaci genotypes and host species. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0014179"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-9694-0_7","article-title":"Multilocus Sequence typing (MLST) of Chlamydiales","volume":"2042","author":"Jelocnik","year":"2019","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.14745\/ccdr.v42i05a02","article-title":"Investigation and management of Psittacosis in a public aviary: A One Health approach","volume":"42","author":"Hopkins","year":"2016","journal-title":"Can. Commun. Dis. Rep."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hogerwerf, L., Roof, I., de Jong, M.J.K., Dijkstra, F., and van der Hoek, W. (2020). Animal sources for zoonotic transmission of Psittacosis: A systematic review. BMC Infect. Dis., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-4918-y"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.30972\/vet.2711072","article-title":"Brote de Psitacosis en la localidad de Fontana (Chaco, Argentina) Durante Enero de 2014","volume":"27","author":"Maza","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Vet."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Mari\u00f1o, B., Sciabarrasi, A., Imhoberdoff, P., Talam\u00e9, M.P., Frutos, M.C., Mosmann, J., and Cuffini, C. (2022). Detecci\u00f3n de Chlamydia psittaci en muestras de pichones de loro hablador (Amazona aestiva) incautadas en Santa Fe, Argentina. Rev. Fac. Cienc. M\u00e9dicas C\u00f3rdoba, 79, Available online: https:\/\/revistas.unc.edu.ar\/index.php\/med\/article\/view\/39023."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"30","article-title":"Brote de psitacosis en San Miguel de Tucum\u00e1n y Gran San Miguel","volume":"12","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Tucum\u00e1n"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2012.06.027","article-title":"Genotyping of C. psittaci in central area of Argentina","volume":"74","author":"Frutos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2008.02669.x","article-title":"Zoonotic Chlamydophila psittaci infections from a clinical perspective","volume":"15","author":"Beeckman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andersen, A.A., and Vanrompay, D. (2008). Avian Chlamydiosis. Diseases of Poultry, Blackwell.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470344668.ch15"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muroni, G., Pinna, L., Serra, E., Chisu, V., Mandas, D., Coccollone, A., Liciardi, M., and Masala, G. (2022). A Chlamydia psittaci outbreak in Psittacine birds in Sardinia, Italy. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192114204"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/S0923-2508(97)81588-4","article-title":"Characterization of avian Chlamydia psittaci strains using Ompl restriction mapping and serovar-specific monoclonal antibodies","volume":"148","author":"Vanrompay","year":"1997","journal-title":"Res. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2005.09.003","article-title":"Optimized DNA Microarray assay allows detection and genotyping of single PCR-amplifiable target copies","volume":"20","author":"Ehricht","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Probes"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2005.226.532","article-title":"Compendium of measures to control Chlamydophila psittaci (Formerly Chlamydia psittaci) infection among humans (Psittacosis) and pet birds, 2005","volume":"226","author":"Smith","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21026","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES2015.20.5.21026","article-title":"Typing of Chlamydia psittaci to monitor epidemiology of Psittacosis and aid disease control in the Netherlands, 2008 to 2013","volume":"20","author":"Heddema","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"323","article-title":"Epidemiological and molecular characteristics of Chlamydia psittaci from 8 human cases of Psittacosis and 4 related birds in Argentina","volume":"49","author":"Cadario","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Argent. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"001072","article-title":"Whole-Genome sequencing of Chlamydia psittaci from Australasian avian hosts: A Genomics Approach to a Pathogen That Still Ruffles Feathers","volume":"9","author":"Kasimov","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microb. Genom."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2008.09.046","article-title":"Chlamydophila psittaci infections in birds: A Review with emphasis on zoonotic consequences","volume":"135","author":"Harkinezhad","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.07.027","article-title":"Atypical pneumonia caused by Chlamydia psittaci during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"122","author":"Yin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"187","article-title":"Pneumonia caused by Chlamydia psittaci and SARS-cov-2 Coinfection Diagnosed using metagenomic next-generation sequencing: A case report","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. Med. Case Rep. J."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bommana, S., and Polkinghorne, A. (2019). Mini Review: Antimicrobial control of Chlamydial infections in animals: Current practices and issues. Front. Microbiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00113"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prohl, A., Lohr, M., Ostermann, C., Liebler-Tenorio, E., Berndt, A., Schroedl, W., Rothe, M., Schubert, E., Sachse, K., and Reinhold, P. (2015). Enrofloxacin and macrolides alone or in combination with rifampicin as antimicrobial treatment in a bovine model of acute Chlamydia psittaci infection. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0119736"}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/14\/13\/1959\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:09:06Z","timestamp":1760108946000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/14\/13\/1959"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ani14131959"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani14131959","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]]}}}