{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T14:35:20Z","timestamp":1784298920047,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]],"date-time":"2024-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719964800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Animals, including wildlife, are part of One-Health concept since many infectious diseases can affect both humans and animals. In this study, 126 red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) from Northern Italy in 2022\u20132023 were tested by molecular assays for Protoparvovirus carnivoran 1 (PPVC-1), Canine adenovirus type 1 and 2 (CAdV-1 and CAdV-2), Circovirus canine (CanineCV), Canine distemper virus (CDV), and Leptospira spp. A total of 39 of 126 (30.9%) red foxes were infected with at least one pathogen and five of these were coinfected: 20\/126 (15.9%) red foxes tested positive for PPVC-1, 3\/126 (2.4%) for CAdV, 20\/126 (15.9%) for CanineCV, and 2\/126 (1.6%) for Leptospira spp. DNA. No foxes tested positive for CDV RNA. The pathogens identified were genetically analysed. New findings were reported such as a fox with multiple feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) and canine parvovirus type 2b (CPV-2b) infection associated with quasispecies dynamics, typical genetic characteristics of the identified CanineCV, and the first detection in red foxes of Leptospira ST198 related to L. interrogans serogroup Australis. Further studies are necessary to investigate the transmission between domestic animals and wildlife and to understand the role of red foxes in the maintenance of these pathogens not only in the wild but also in urban and peri-urban environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14131969","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]],"date-time":"2024-07-03T08:45:34Z","timestamp":1719996334000},"page":"1969","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Molecular Detection of Viral and Bacterial Pathogens in Red Foxes (Vulpes vulpes) from Italy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2200-187X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martina","family":"Magliocca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberta","family":"Taddei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell\u2019Emilia Romagna (IZSLER) \u201cBruno Ubertini\u201d, Sede Territoriale di Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7509-561X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenza","family":"Urbani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1082-982X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Bertasio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Italian Reference Centre for Animal Leptospirosis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell\u2019Emilia Romagna (IZSLER) \u201cBruno Ubertini\u201d, Sede Territoriale di Brescia, 25124 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veronica","family":"Facile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1249-0292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Gallina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7759-4009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Sampieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell\u2019Emilia Romagna (IZSLER) \u201cBruno Ubertini\u201d, Sede Territoriale di Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7437-1929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianluca","family":"Rugna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell\u2019Emilia Romagna (IZSLER) \u201cBruno Ubertini\u201d, Sede Territoriale di Modena, 41122 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1764-5804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silva","family":"Rubini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell\u2019Emilia Romagna (IZSLER) \u201cBruno Ubertini\u201d, Sede Territoriale di Ferrara, 44124 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7076-9005","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Maioli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell\u2019Emilia Romagna (IZSLER) \u201cBruno Ubertini\u201d, Sede Territoriale di Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessia","family":"Terrusi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mara","family":"Battilani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8049-6645","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Balboni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.7589\/2017-07-172","article-title":"Recent changes in infectious diseases in European wildlife","volume":"55","author":"Yon","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2006.04.029","article-title":"Pathogen exposure in endangered island fox (Urocyon littoralis) populations: Implication for conservation management","volume":"131","author":"Clifford","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.7589\/2014-01-021","article-title":"Serologic evidence for selected infectious diseases in Marsican brown bears (Ursus arctos marsicanus) in Italy (2004\u201309)","volume":"51","author":"Gentile","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-40.1.11","article-title":"Exposure to feline and canine pathogens in bobcats and gray foxes in urban and rural zones of a national park in California","volume":"40","author":"Riley","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1186\/1297-9716-42-70","article-title":"A survey of the transmission of infectious diseases\/infections between wild and domestic ungulates in Europe","volume":"42","author":"Martin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Dellamaria, D., Citterio, C.V., Capelli, G., Paternolli, S., Turchetto, S., Obber, F., Cazzin, S., and Francione, E. (2024, March 10). Principali Patologie della Fauna: Conoscerle e Riconoscerle, 2014. Available online: https:\/\/issuu.com\/izsvenezie\/docs\/patologie-fauna-selvatica."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3722","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-81192-w","article-title":"Patterns and processes of pathogen exposure in gray wolves across North America","volume":"11","author":"Brandell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garc\u00eas, A., and Pires, I. (2021). Secrets of the astute red fox (Vulpes vulpes, Linnaeus, 1758): An inside-ecosystem secret agent serving One Health. Environments, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/environments8100103"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"juz022","DOI":"10.1093\/jue\/juz022","article-title":"Red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and coyotes (Canis latrans) in an urban landscape: Prevalence and risk factors for disease","volume":"5","author":"Pluemer","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Urban Ecol."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"(2023, December 13). International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruse (ICTV). Available online: https:\/\/ictv.global\/taxonomy\/."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sykes, J.E. (2023). Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat, Elsevier. [5th ed.].","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-50934-3.02004-8"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duarte, M.D., Henriques, A.M., Barros, S.C., Fagulha, T., Mendonca, P., Carvalho, P., Monteiro, M., Fevereiro, M., Basto, M.P., and Rosalino, L.M. (2013). Snapshot of viral infections in wild carnivores reveals ubiquity of parvovirus and susceptibility of egyptian mongoose to feline panleukopenia virus. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0059399"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2489","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13917","article-title":"Circulation of diverse protoparvoviruses in wild carnivores, Italy","volume":"68","author":"Ndiana","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13378","article-title":"Genetic characterization of Carnivore Parvoviruses in Spanish wildlife reveals domestic dog and cat-related sequences","volume":"67","author":"Calatayud","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leopardi, S., Milani, A., Cocchi, M., Bregoli, M., Schivo, A., Leardini, S., Festa, F., Pastori, A., de Zan, G., and Gobbo, F. (2022). Carnivore protoparvovirus 1 (CPV-2 and FPV) circulating in wild carnivores and in puppies illegally imported into North-Eastern Italy. Viruses, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/v14122612"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-82-7-1555","article-title":"Analysis of canine parvovirus sequences from wolves and dogs isolated in Italy","volume":"82","author":"Battilani","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2007.06.014","article-title":"Prevalence of antibodies against canine distemper virus and canine parvovirus among foxes and wolves from Spain","volume":"126","author":"Sobrino","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balboni, A., Urbani, L., Delogu, M., Musto, C., Fontana, M.C., Merialdi, G., Lucifora, G., Terrusi, A., Dondi, F., and Battilani, M. (2021). Integrated use of molecular techniques to detect and genetically characterise DNA viruses in Italian wolves (Canis lupus italicus). Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11082198"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/s13028-023-00699-6","article-title":"A retrospective serosurvey of selected pathogens in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in the Tuscany region, Italy","volume":"65","author":"Ferrara","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Scand."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-41.1.231","article-title":"Epizootiologic investigations of parvovirus infections in free-ranging carnivores from Germany","volume":"41","author":"Streich","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-37.3.594","article-title":"Parvovirus infections in wild carnivores","volume":"37","author":"Steinel","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-023-01988-2","article-title":"First isolation and molecular characterization of canine parvovirus-type 2b (CPV-2b) from red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) living in the wild habitat of Turkey","volume":"20","author":"Kurucay","year":"2023","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2008.02.006","article-title":"Canine adenovirus and herpesvirus. Veterinary Clinics of North America","volume":"38","author":"Decaro","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00225-17","DOI":"10.1128\/genomeA.00225-17","article-title":"Genome sequence of canine Adenovirus type 1 isolated from a wolf (Canis lupus) in southern Italy","volume":"5","author":"Pizzurro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Genome Announc."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14010","article-title":"Wolf (Canis lupus) as canine adenovirus type 1 (CAdV-1) sentinel for the endangered cantabrian brown bear (Ursus arctos arctos)","volume":"69","author":"Oleaga","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"587","article-title":"Canine distemper virus and canine adenovirus type 1 co-infection in a free-living hoary fox (Lycalopex vetulus) from Brazil","volume":"54","author":"Silva","year":"2023","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1638\/05-123.1","article-title":"A serologic assessment of exposure to viral pathogens and Leptospira in an urban raccoon (Procyon lotor) population inhabiting a large zoological park","volume":"38","author":"Junge","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Zoo Wildl. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hou, J., Xu, J., Wang, B., Zhang, H., Yin, B., Li, G., Lei, F., Cai, X., Zhu, Y., and Wang, L. (2023). First identification of canine adenovirus 1 in mink and bioinformatics analysis of its 100 K protein. Front. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1245581"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2049","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13013","article-title":"Canine adenovirus type 1 (CAdV-1) in free-ranging European brown bear (Ursus arctos arctos): A threat for Cantabrian population?","volume":"65","author":"Royo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"109","article-title":"Epizootic fox encephalitis","volume":"12","author":"Green","year":"1930","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2012.11.015","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of canine adenovirus type 1 and type 2 in free-ranging red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in Italy","volume":"162","author":"Balboni","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36051","DOI":"10.1038\/srep36051","article-title":"Serological and molecular epidemiology of canine adenovirus type 1 in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in the United Kingdom","volume":"6","author":"Walker","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1007\/s10344-019-1326-y","article-title":"Detection of selected pathogens in Appennine wolf (Canis lupus italicus) by a non-invasive GPS-based telemetry sampling of two packs from Majella National Park, Italy","volume":"65","author":"Smoglica","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, Y.J., Lee, S.Y., Kim, Y.S., Na, E.J., Park, J.S., and Oem, J.K. (2022). Genetic characteristics of canine adenovirus type 2 detected in wild raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) in Korea. Vet. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci9110591"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7018","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00791-12","article-title":"Complete genome sequence of the first Canine circovirus","volume":"86","author":"Kapoor","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13783","article-title":"Ancient origin and genetic segregation of canine circovirus infecting arctic foxes (Vulpes lagopus) in Svalbard and red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in Northern Norway","volume":"68","author":"Urbani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2016.01.007","article-title":"Circovirus in domestic and wild carnivores: An important opportunistic agent?","volume":"490","author":"Zaccaria","year":"2016","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Decaro, N., Martella, V., Desario, C., Lanave, G., Circella, E., Cavalli, A., Elia, G., Camero, M., and Buonavoglia, C. (2014). Genomic characterization of a circovirus associated with fatal hemorrhagic enteritis in dog, Italy. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0105909"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2107.150228","article-title":"Detection of circovirus in foxes with meningoencephalitis, United Kingdom, 2009\u20132013","volume":"21","author":"Bexton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"0300985812436743","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985812436743","article-title":"Emergence of Canine Distemper Virus strains with modified molecular signature and enhanced neuronal tropism leading to high mortality in wild carnivores","volume":"49","author":"Origgi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2015.09.002","article-title":"Cross-species transmission of canine distemper virus-an update","volume":"1","author":"Beineke","year":"2015","journal-title":"One Health"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2015.07.007","article-title":"Pathogenesis of canine distemper virus in experimentally infected raccoon dogs, foxes, and minks","volume":"122","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"31","article-title":"Canine distemper virus (CDV): From the arctic ecosystem to Italy","volume":"21","author":"Martella","year":"2007","journal-title":"Veterinaria"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Sabatino, D., Lorusso, A., Di Francesco, C.E., Gentile, L., Di Pirro, V., Bellacicco, A.L., Giovannini, A., Di Francesco, G., Marruchella, G., and Marsilio, F. (2014). Arctic lineage-Canine Distemper Virus as a cause of death in Appenine wolves (Canis lupus) in Italy. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0082356"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2020.104359","article-title":"Two waves of canine distemper virus showing different spatio-temporal dynamics in Alpine wildlife (2006\u20132018)","volume":"84","author":"Bianco","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kli\u010dkov\u00e1, E., \u010cern\u00edkov\u00e1, L., Dumondin, A., B\u00e1rtov\u00e1, E., Bud\u00edkov\u00e1, M., and Sedl\u00e1k, K. (2022). Canine distemper virus in wild carnivore populations from the Czech Republic (2012\u20132020): Occurrence, geographical distribution, and phylogenetic analysis. Life, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/life12020289"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2011.01.009","article-title":"A distinct CDV genotype causing a major epidemic in Alpine wildlife","volume":"150","author":"Monne","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2016.10.020","article-title":"Lethal distemper in badgers (Meles meles) following epidemic in dogs and wolves","volume":"46","author":"Zaccaria","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2021.06.015","article-title":"Natural distemper infection in stone martens (Martes foina): From infection to neutralizing antibodies","volume":"138","author":"Balboni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2022.105211","article-title":"Molecular and pathological screening of canine distemper virus in Asiatic lions, tigers, leopards, snow leopards, clouded leopards, leopard cats, jungle cats, civet cats, fishing cat, and jaguar of different states, India","volume":"98","author":"Kadam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(03)00830-2","article-title":"Leptospirosis: A zoonotic disease of global importance","volume":"3","author":"Bharti","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cilia, G., Bertelloni, F., and Fratini, F. (2020). Leptospira infections in domestic and wild animals. Pathogens, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9070573"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.2014.909960","article-title":"Neglected leptospirosis in raccoons (Procyon lotor) in Indiana, USA","volume":"34","author":"Tan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Quart."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2019.e02373","article-title":"Leptospira seroprevalence in owned dogs from Spain","volume":"5","author":"Vila","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bertasio, C., Boniotti, M.B., Lucchese, L., Ceglie, L., Bellinati, L., Mazzucato, M., Furlanello, T., D\u2019Incau, M., and Natale, A. (2020). Detection of new Leptospira genotypes infecting symptomatic dogs: Is a new vaccine formulation needed?. Pathogens, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9060484"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2021.825-828","article-title":"Serological and molecular survey of Leptospira spp. infections in wild boars and red foxes from Southeastern France","volume":"14","author":"Roquelo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2208","article-title":"Leptospira: The dawn of the molecular genetics era for an emerging zoonotic pathogen","volume":"7","author":"Ko","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balboni, A., Zamagni, S., Bertasio, C., Boniotti, M.B., Tro\u00eca, R., Battilani, M., and Dondi, F. (2020). Identification of serogroups Australis and icterohaemorrhagiae in two dogs with a severe form of acute Leptospirosis in Italy. Pathogens, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9050351"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-46.2.474","article-title":"Serosurvey for Canine Distemper Virus, Canine Adenovirus, Leptospira interrogans and Toxoplasma gondii in free-ranging canids in Scandinavia and Svalbard","volume":"46","author":"Lillehaug","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mazzotta, E., Bellinati, L., Bertasio, C., Boniotti, M.B., Lucchese, L., Ceglie, L., Martignago, F., Leopardi, S., and Natale, A. (2023). Synanthropic and wild animals as sentinels of zoonotic agents: A study of Leptospira genotypes circulating in northeastern Italy. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20053783"},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"(2023, November 20). Regione Emilia Romagna Sorveglianza e Monitoraggio della Fauna Selvatica. Available online: https:\/\/servizissiir.regione.emilia-romagna.it\/deliberegiunta\/servlet\/AdapterHTTP?action_name=ACTIONRICERCADELIBERE&operation=dettaglioByDatiAdozione&ENTE=1&TIPO_ATTO=DL&ANNO_ADOZIONE=2017&NUM_ADOZIONE=1763."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2018.05.010","article-title":"Prospective evaluation of rapid point-of-care tests for the diagnosis of acute leptospirosis in dogs","volume":"237","author":"Balboni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-007-0020-9","article-title":"TaqMan based real time PCR for the quantification of canine distemper virus","volume":"31","author":"Scagliarini","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3022","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msab120","article-title":"MEGA11: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 11","volume":"38","author":"Tamura","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boonsilp, S., Thaipadungpanit, J., Amornchai, P., Wuthiekanun, V., Bailey, M.S., Holden, M.T., Zhang, C., Jiang, X., Koizumi, N., and Taylor, K. (2013). A single multilocus sequence typing (MLST) scheme for seven pathogenic Leptospira species. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001954"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weiss, S., Menezes, A., Woods, K., Chanthongthip, A., Dittrich, S., Opoku-Boateng, A., Kimuli, M., and Chalker, V. (2016). An extended multilocus sequence typing (MLST) scheme for rapid direct typing of Leptospira from clinical samples. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004996"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msy096","article-title":"MEGA X: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis across computing platforms","volume":"35","author":"Kumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.14826.1","article-title":"Open-access bacterial population genomics: BIGSdb software, the PubMLST.org website and their applications","volume":"24","author":"Jolley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Wellcome Open Res."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-019-04433-4","article-title":"Detection and molecular characterization of canine circovirus circulating in northeastern China during 2014\u20132016","volume":"165","author":"Niu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985816646430","article-title":"Canine circovirus 1 (CaCV-1) and canine parvovirus 2 (CPV-2): Recurrent dual infections in a papillon breeding colony","volume":"53","author":"Thaiwong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2022.106646","article-title":"Detection of canine circovirus in dogs infected with canine parvovirus","volume":"235","author":"Faraji","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Tropica"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"da Rocha Gizzi, A.B., Oliveira, S.T., Leutenegger, C.M., Estrada, M., Kozemjakin, D.A., Stedile, R., Marcondes, M., and Biondo, A.W. (2014). Presence of infectious agents and co-infections in diarrheic dogs determined with a real-time polymerase chain reaction-based panel. BMC Vet. Res., 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-10-23"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.103926","article-title":"Role of canine circovirus in dogs with acute haemorrhagic diarrhoea","volume":"180","author":"Anderson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-022-09965-w","article-title":"Investigation of Carnivore protoparvovirus 1 and Amdoparvovirus infections in red fox populations of the Italian Dolomites","volume":"46","author":"Grassi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-015-1093-4","article-title":"Full-length genomic characterizations of two canine parvoviruses prevalent in Northwest China","volume":"197","author":"Han","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/1297-9716-42-43","article-title":"Genetic complexity and multiple infections with more Parvovirus species in naturally infected cats","volume":"42","author":"Battilani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/127.5.958S","article-title":"Rapid evolution of viral RNA genomes","volume":"127","author":"Domingo","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268898001319","article-title":"Survey on viral pathogens in wild red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in Germany with emphasis on parvoviruses and analysis of a DNA sequence from a red fox parvovirus","volume":"121","author":"Truyen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.06187-11","article-title":"Role of multiple hosts in the cross-species transmission and emergence of a pandemic parvovirus","volume":"86","author":"Allison","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Franzo, G., Menandro, M.L., and Grassi, L. (2021). Canine circovirus in foxes from northern Italy: Where did it all begin?. Pathogens, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10081002"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ndiana, L.A., Lanave, G., Vasinioti, V., Desario, C., Martino, C., Colaianni, M.L., Pellegrini, F., Camarda, A., Berjaoui, S., and Sgroi, G. (2022). Detection and genetic characterization of canine adenoviruses, circoviruses, and novel cycloviruses from wild carnivores in Italy. Front. Vet. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.851987"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12328","article-title":"European consensus statement on leptospirosis in dogs and cats","volume":"56","author":"Schuller","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1038\/1881040a0","article-title":"Leptospira pomona infection in an Eastern red fox (Vulpes fulva fulva)","volume":"188","author":"Clark","year":"1960","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ali\u0107, A., \u0160upi\u0107, J., Goleti\u0107, T., Re\u0161idbegovi\u0107, E., Lutvikadi\u0107, I., and Hod\u017ei\u0107, A. (2021). A unique case of fatal coinfection caused by Leptospira spp. and Hepatozoon canis in a red fox cub (Vulpes vulpes). Pathogens, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11010011"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2023.01.002","article-title":"Acute lethal leptospirosis in a red fox (Vulpes vulpes)","volume":"201","author":"Huber","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Comp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"90","article-title":"Ergebnisse serologischer untersuchungen auf Leptospira-antik\u00f6rper bei F\u00fcchsen [Results of serological studies of Leptospira antibodies in foxes]","volume":"107","author":"Winkler","year":"1994","journal-title":"Berl. M\u00fcnch. Tier\u00e4rztl. Wochenschr."},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"51","article-title":"Leptospiral antibodies in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in northwest Croatia","volume":"76","author":"Milas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Arhiv."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2008.0081","article-title":"Leptospirosis in wild and domestic carnivores in natural areas in Andalusia, Spain","volume":"9","author":"Candela","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.17221\/3151-VETMED","article-title":"Prevalence of leptospiral antibodies in the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) population of Croatia","volume":"56","author":"Slavica","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_90","first-page":"129","article-title":"Serological surveillance of Leptospirosis in Italy: Two-year national data (2010\u20132011)","volume":"52","author":"Tagliabue","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Ital."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/s13028-018-0388-2","article-title":"Seroprevalence of 12 serovars of pathogenic Leptospira in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in Poland","volume":"60","author":"Arent","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Scand."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u017dele-Vengu\u0161t, D., Lindtner-Knific, R., Mlakar-Hr\u017eenjak, N., Jerina, K., and Vengu\u0161t, G. (2021). Exposure of free-ranging wild animals to zoonotic Leptospira interrogans sensu stricto in Slovenia. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11092722"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e23268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e23268","article-title":"Serological and molecular detection as well as typing of Leptospira spp. in foxes, raccoons, and other wild carnivores in North-Eastern Germany, 2021\u20132022","volume":"10","author":"Kuhnert","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.257.8.840","article-title":"Cross-sectional evaluation of multiple epidemiological cycles of Leptospira species in peri-urban wildlife in California","volume":"257","author":"Straub","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piredda, I., Scarpa, F., Sanna, D., Casu, M., Ponti, M.N., and Chisu, V. (2021). Draft genome sequences of four different strains belonging to Leptospira interrogans serovar Pomona isolated from mammals in the island of Sardinia, Italy. Microbiol. Resour. Announc., 10.","DOI":"10.1128\/MRA.00698-21"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ebani, V.V., Trebino, C., Guardone, L., Bertelloni, F., Cagnoli, G., Nardoni, S., Sel, E., Wilde, E., Poli, A., and Mancianti, F. (2022). Occurrence of bacterial and protozoan pathogens in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in central Italy. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12202891"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14368","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-40322-2","article-title":"Pathogenic Leptospira are widespread in the urban wildlife of southern California","volume":"13","author":"Helman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_98","unstructured":"Boniotti, M.B., Gelmini, L., Carra, E., Figarolli, B.M., D\u2019incau, M., and Tagliabue, S. (2013, January 7\u201311). Leptospira Interrogans serogroup Australis in hedgehog in Northern Italy. Proceedings of the International Leptospirosis Society of the Conference, Fukuoka, Japan."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trogu, T., Canziani, S., Salvato, S., Bianchi, A., Bertoletti, I., Gibelli, L.R., Alborali, G.L., Barbieri, I., Gaffuri, A., and Sala, G. (2021). Canine distemper outbreaks in wild carnivores in Northern Italy. Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13010099"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ricci, I., Cersini, A., Manna, G., Marcario, G.A., Conti, R., Brocherel, G., Grifoni, G., Eleni, C., and Scicluna, M.T. (2021). A canine distemper virus retrospective study conducted from 2011 to 2019 in Central Italy (Latium and Tuscany regions). Viruses, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/v13020272"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trogu, T., Castelli, A., Canziani, S., Tolini, C., Carrera, M., Sozzi, E., Lelli, D., Tosi, G., Fiorentini, L., and Di Donato, A. (2022). Detection and molecular characterization of canine distemper virus in wildlife from Northern Italy. Pathogens, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11121557"}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/14\/13\/1969\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:09:34Z","timestamp":1760108974000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/14\/13\/1969"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]]},"references-count":101,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ani14131969"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani14131969","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,3]]}}}