{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T08:39:17Z","timestamp":1782376757115,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,5]],"date-time":"2024-07-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720137600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The acoustic hypothesis suggests that schooling can result in several benefits. (1) The acoustic pattern (AP) (pressure waves and other water movements) produced by swimming are likely to serve as signals within fish shoals, communicating useful spatial and temporal information between school members, enabling synchronized locomotion and influencing join, stay or leave decisions and shoal assortment. (2) Schooling is likely to reduce the masking of environmental signals, e.g., by auditory grouping, and fish may achieve windows of silence by simultaneously stopping their movements. (3) A solitary swimming fish produces an uncomplicated AP that will give a nearby predator\u2019s lateral line organ (LLO) excellent information, but, if extra fish join, they will produce increasingly complex and indecipherable APs. (4) Fishes swimming close to one another will also blur the electrosensory system (ESS) of predators. Since predators use multimodal information, and since information from the LLO and the ESS is more important than vision in many situations, schooling fish may acquire increased survival by confusing these sensory systems. The combined effects of such predator confusion and other acoustical benefits may contribute to why schooling became an adaptive success. A model encompassing the complex effects of synchronized group locomotion on LLO and ESS perception might increase the understanding of schooling behavior.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14131984","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,5]],"date-time":"2024-07-05T11:46:05Z","timestamp":1720179965000},"page":"1984","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Schooling Fish from a New, Multimodal Sensory Perspective"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4164-6513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matz","family":"Larsson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Health Promotion Centre, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden"},{"name":"School of Health and Medical Sciences, \u00d6rebro University, 70182 \u00d6rebro, Sweden"},{"name":"The Heart, Lung and Physiology Clinic, \u00d6rebro University Hospital, 70185 \u00d6rebro, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007565508398","article-title":"School formation and concurrent developmental changes in carangid fish with reference to dietary conditions","volume":"56","author":"Masuda","year":"1999","journal-title":"Environ. 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