{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T17:39:55Z","timestamp":1792085995088,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,6]],"date-time":"2024-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720224000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development\u2014CNPq","award":["#304085\/2021-9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#304085\/2021-9"]}]},{"name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development\u2014CNPq","award":["#10156\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#10156\/2023"]}]},{"name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development\u2014CNPq","award":["#2020\/14885-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2020\/14885-8"]}]},{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation\u2014FAPESP","award":["#304085\/2021-9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#304085\/2021-9"]}]},{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation\u2014FAPESP","award":["#10156\/2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#10156\/2023"]}]},{"name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation\u2014FAPESP","award":["#2020\/14885-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2020\/14885-8"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Infrared thermography has been investigated in recent studies to monitor body surface temperature and correlate it with animal welfare and performance factors. In this context, this study proposes the use of the thermal signature method as a feature extractor from the temperature matrix obtained from regions of the body surface of laying hens (face, eye, wattle, comb, leg, and foot) to enable the construction of a computational model for heat stress level classification. In an experiment conducted in climate-controlled chambers, 192 laying hens, 34 weeks old, from two different strains (Dekalb White and Dekalb Brown) were divided into groups and housed under conditions of heat stress (35 \u00b0C and 60% humidity) and thermal comfort (26 \u00b0C and 60% humidity). Weekly, individual thermal images of the hens were collected using a thermographic camera, along with their respective rectal temperatures. Surface temperatures of the six featherless image areas of the hens\u2019 bodies were cut out. Rectal temperature was used to label each infrared thermography data as \u201cDanger\u201d or \u201cNormal\u201d, and five different classifier models (Random Forest, Random Tree, Multilayer Perceptron, K-Nearest Neighbors, and Logistic Regression) for rectal temperature class were generated using the respective thermal signatures. No differences between the strains were observed in the thermal signature of surface temperature and rectal temperature. It was evidenced that the rectal temperature and the thermal signature express heat stress and comfort conditions. The Random Forest model for the face area of the laying hen achieved the highest performance (89.0%). For the wattle area, a Random Forest model also demonstrated high performance (88.3%), indicating the significance of this area in strains where it is more developed. These findings validate the method of extracting characteristics from infrared thermography. When combined with machine learning, this method has proven promising for generating classifier models of thermal stress levels in laying hen production environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14131996","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]],"date-time":"2024-07-08T04:52:49Z","timestamp":1720414369000},"page":"1996","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Using Thermal Signature to Evaluate Heat Stress Levels in Laying Hens with a Machine-Learning-Based Classifier"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Isaac Lembi","family":"Solis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Business Administration Undergraduate, School of Sciences and Engineering, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Tup\u00e3 17602-496, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernanda Paes","family":"de Oliveira-Boreli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Agribusiness and Development, School of Sciences and Engineering, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Tup\u00e3 17602-496, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5885-5368","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael Vieira","family":"de Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering (FZEA), Department of Biosystems Engineering, University of S\u00e3o Paulo (USP), Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9996-4031","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luciane Silva","family":"Martello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering (FZEA), Department of Biosystems Engineering, University of S\u00e3o Paulo (USP), Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4602-8837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danilo Florentino","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Agribusiness and Development, School of Sciences and Engineering, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Tup\u00e3 17602-496, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"School of Sciences and Engineering, Department of Management, Development and Technology, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Tup\u00e3 17602-496, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Emami, N.K., Jung, U., Voy, B., and Dridi, S. 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