{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T21:27:37Z","timestamp":1791322057011,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":135,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,9]],"date-time":"2024-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720483200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Donkey Sanctuary","award":["264818"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["264818"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Equids are engaged in myriad types of work across the world, with contexts and industries varying widely between high-, middle- and low-income countries as classified by the World Bank. Through a comprehensive abstract search and literature review, we examined the usage and context of terms associated with working equids in high-income countries (HICs), upper-middle-income countries (UMICs), lower-middle-income countries (LMICs), and low-income countries (LICs). Analysis showed that the search term used was significantly associated with World Bank country income classification. All search terms except two returned a significantly higher number of papers for higher-income countries compared to lower-income countries. The two exceptions were \u201cworking equid\u201d and \u201cdraft equid\u201d, which returned significantly more papers for lower-income countries than higher-income countries. Both terms also returned papers from high-income and upper-middle-income countries, but these were always in the context of low-resource settings and rural or marginalised communities, of which we provide examples in the discussion. We propose that the term \u201cworking equid\u201d should be used to describe \u201cany equid engaged in physical labour that provides a significant or direct contribution to the economic livelihood, sustenance or support of the owner\/user\u2019s family, typically within a low resource setting\u201d. Our review highlights the intricate interplay between socioeconomic factors and examines how equids are described in the literature. The lack of a universally accepted definition leads to challenges in policy formulation, resource allocation, and welfare standards development, particularly in LMICs and LICs where working equids are crucial to livelihoods. This study underscores the need for a more inclusive and comprehensive approach to terminology, advocating for future research to bridge linguistic and cultural gaps in understanding working equids globally. Such efforts are vital for equitable and effective welfare standards and policy development for these animals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14142026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,10]],"date-time":"2024-07-10T09:23:08Z","timestamp":1720603388000},"page":"2026","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["What Is a Working Equid? Analysis of Current Terminology and a Suggested Definition"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Zoe","family":"Raw","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Bristol Veterinary School, Langford House, Dolberry, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph A.","family":"Collins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Donkey Sanctuary Ireland, Knockardbane, Mallow, P51 PH29 Cork, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faith A.","family":"Burden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Donkey Sanctuary, Slade House Farm, Weston, Sidmouth EX10 0NU, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"257","article-title":"The origin and development of the binomial system of nomenclature","volume":"15","author":"Choate","year":"1912","journal-title":"Plant World"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Linnaeus, C. 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