{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T01:16:40Z","timestamp":1788311800497,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,17]],"date-time":"2024-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721174400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit of Istanbul University Cerrahpasa","award":["TSA-2024-37582"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TSA-2024-37582"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to reveal the morphological characteristics of pure Holstein and Simmental skulls and to obtain reference values for morphometric analysis. Moreover, 54 skulls from 12- to 14-month-old male Holstein (n = 25) and Simmental (n = 29) cattle were collected from Turkey\u2019s Southeastern Anatolia Region between 2023 and 2024. Linear measurements indicated that Holsteins had longer skulls compared to Simmentals. Holsteins exhibited significantly higher values for the greatest length of nasals and the shortest skull length. The facial breadth was wider in Holsteins and statistically distinctive between the breeds. Holsteins had a more oval orbital bony roof, while Simmentals exhibited a wider orbital structure. The orbital index was higher in Holsteins, distinguishing between the two breeds. It was observed that Simmental cattle had a wider occipital region. This difference is likely due to the larger lateral appearance of the Simmental skull, which has more body weight and provides a larger surface area for muscle attachment. These differences not only aid in breed identification but also offer insights into the functional adaptations of each breed. Future research should explore the genetic and environmental factors contributing to these morphological traits, further enriching our knowledge of cattle morphology and its implications for breeding and conservation efforts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14142085","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,17]],"date-time":"2024-07-17T12:29:43Z","timestamp":1721219383000},"page":"2085","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Comparison of Skull Morphometric Characteristics of Simmental and Holstein Cattle Breeds"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4076-7568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Buket","family":"\u00c7akar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Graduate Studies, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, 34320 Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faruk","family":"Tandir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Sciences of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Faculty, University of Sarajevo, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bar\u0131\u015f Can","family":"G\u00fczel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Siirt University, 56100 Siirt, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2413-3142","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caner","family":"Bak\u0131c\u0131","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, 06110 Ankara, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Burak","family":"\u00dcnal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, 34320 Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6075-7342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sokol","family":"Duro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Tirana, 1000 Tirana, Albania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8555-6435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomaz","family":"Szara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphological Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Constantin","family":"Spataru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preclinics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Iasi University of Life Sciences, 700489 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mihaela-Claudia","family":"Spataru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Iasi University of Life Sciences, 700489 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3637-8166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ozan","family":"G\u00fcndemir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, 34320 Istanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"K\u00f6nig, H.E., and Liebich, H.G. 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