{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T06:51:59Z","timestamp":1791528719884,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]],"date-time":"2024-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Postgraduate Research &amp; Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province","award":["KYCX22_3529"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KYCX22_3529"]}]},{"name":"the Postgraduate Research &amp; Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province","award":["CARS-42-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARS-42-3"]}]},{"name":"the Postgraduate Research &amp; Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province","award":["JBGS [2021] 023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JBGS [2021] 023"]}]},{"name":"the Modern Agro-industry Technology Research System in the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs and Ministry of Finance","award":["KYCX22_3529"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KYCX22_3529"]}]},{"name":"the Modern Agro-industry Technology Research System in the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs and Ministry of Finance","award":["CARS-42-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARS-42-3"]}]},{"name":"the Modern Agro-industry Technology Research System in the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs and Ministry of Finance","award":["JBGS [2021] 023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JBGS [2021] 023"]}]},{"name":"the \u201cJBGS\u201d Project of Seed Industry Revitalization in Jiangsu Province","award":["KYCX22_3529"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KYCX22_3529"]}]},{"name":"the \u201cJBGS\u201d Project of Seed Industry Revitalization in Jiangsu Province","award":["CARS-42-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARS-42-3"]}]},{"name":"the \u201cJBGS\u201d Project of Seed Industry Revitalization in Jiangsu Province","award":["JBGS [2021] 023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JBGS [2021] 023"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>T-2 toxin, the most toxic type A trichothecene, is widely present in grain and animal feed, causing growth retardation and tissue damage in poultry. Geese are more sensitive to T-2 toxin than chickens and ducks. Although T-2 toxin has been reported to cause tibial growth plate (TGP) chondrodysplasia in chickens, tibial damage caused by T-2 toxin in geese has not been fully demonstrated. This study aims to investigate the adverse effects of T-2 toxin on tibial bone development, bone quality, chondrocyte differentiation, and bone metabolism. Here, forty-eight one-day-old male Yangzhou goslings were randomly divided into four groups and daily gavaged with T-2 toxin at concentrations of 0, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg\/kg body weight for 21 days, respectively. The development of gosling body weight and size was determined by weighing and taking body measurements after exposure to different concentrations of T-2 toxin. Changes in tibial development and bone characteristics were determined by radiographic examination, phenotypic measurements, and bone quality and composition analyses. Chondrocyte differentiation in TGP and bone metabolism was characterized by cell morphology, tissue gene-specific expression, and serum marker levels. Results showed that T-2 toxin treatment resulted in a lower weight, volume, length, middle width, and middle circumference of the tibia in a dose-dependent manner (p &lt; 0.05). Moreover, decreased bone-breaking strength, bone mineral density, and contents of ash, Ca, and P in the tibia were observed in T-2 toxin-challenged goslings (p &lt; 0.05). In addition, T-2 toxin not only reduced TGP height (p &lt; 0.05) but also induced TGP chondrocytes to be disorganized with reduced numbers and indistinct borders. As expected, the apoptosis-related genes (CASP9 and CASP3) were significantly up-regulated in chondrocytes challenged by T-2 toxin with a dose dependence, while cell differentiation and maturation-related genes (BMP6, BMP7, SOX9, and RUNX2) were down-regulated (p &lt; 0.05). Considering bone metabolism, T-2 toxin dose-dependently and significantly induced a decreased number of osteoblasts and an increased number of osteoclasts in the tibia, with inhibited patterns of osteogenesis-related genes and enzymes and increased patterns of osteoclast-related genes and enzymes (p &lt; 0.05). Similarly, the serum Ca and P concentrations and parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, and 1, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol levels decreased under T-2 toxin exposure (p &lt; 0.05). In summary, 2.0 mg\/kg T-2 toxin significantly inhibited tibia weight, length, width, and circumference, as well as decreased bone-breaking strength, density, and composition (ash, calcium, and phosphorus) in 21-day-old goslings compared to the control and lower dose groups. Chondrocyte differentiation in TGP was delayed by 2.0 mg\/kg T-2 toxin owing to cell apoptosis. In addition, 2.0 mg\/kg T-2 toxin promoted bone resorption and inhibited osteogenesis in cellular morphology, gene expression, and hormonal modulation patterns. Thus, T-2 toxin significantly inhibited tibial growth and development with a dose dependence, accompanied by decreased bone geometry parameters and properties, hindered chondrocyte differentiation, and imbalanced bone metabolism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14152281","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]],"date-time":"2024-08-05T18:21:40Z","timestamp":1722882100000},"page":"2281","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Tibial Damage Caused by T-2 Toxin in Goslings: Bone Dysplasia, Poor Bone Quality, Hindered Chondrocyte Differentiation, and Imbalanced Bone Metabolism"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4988-5439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wang","family":"Gu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lie","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Animal Husbandry Extension Station, Yinchuan 750001, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2791-0429","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qi","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Evaluation and Utilization of Livestock and Poultry Resources (Poultry), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guohong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Evaluation and Utilization of Livestock and Poultry Resources (Poultry), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2015.02.005","article-title":"In vivo toxicity studies of fusarium mycotoxins in the last decade: A review","volume":"78","author":"Font","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Chem. 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