{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T15:08:48Z","timestamp":1784732928676,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]],"date-time":"2024-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Iasi University of Life Sciences Ion Ionescu de la Brad"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A 3-year-old male scarlet macaw parrot (Ara macao) was presented to the Exotic Animal Clinic at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ia\u0219i University of Life Sciences (Ia\u0219i, Romania) for its postmortem examination. According to the owner, the parrot had been raised only in captivity and after 5 days of inappetence, lethargy, and mild respiratory clinical signs, the parrot died. The post mortem examination revealed various-sized granulomas and caseous plaques in the lungs, air sacs, spleen, intestinal serosa, and liver. Microscopically, the granulomas were characterized by a necrotic center and the infiltration of numerous multinucleated giant cells and epithelioid-like cells and by the presence of hyphae typical of Aspergillus spp. Moreover, in the liver tissue, a diffuse inflammation, with numerous fungal hyphae, was noted. The fungal culture and the PCR assay allowed for the isolation and identification of Aspergillus fumigatus from the lung and liver samples. The macroscopical lesions and the histopathological findings, with the fungal isolation and molecular confirmation of Aspergillus fumigatus by nested PCR, provided the basis for the diagnosis of disseminated aspergillosis. To the authors\u2019 best knowledge, this is the first report of disseminated infection caused by Aspergillus fumigatus in a scarlet macaw parrot (Ara macao).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14152282","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]],"date-time":"2024-08-05T18:21:40Z","timestamp":1722882100000},"page":"2282","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Disseminated Infection with Aspergillus fumigatus in a Scarlet Macaw Parrot (Ara macao)\u2014A Case Report"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Oana Irina","family":"Tanase","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Iasi University of Life Sciences Ion Ionescu de la Brad, 700489 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geta","family":"Pavel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preclinics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Iasi University of Life Sciences Ion Ionescu de la Brad, 700489 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9141-0528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ozana Maria","family":"Hritcu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preclinics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Iasi University of Life Sciences Ion Ionescu de la Brad, 700489 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mihaela Anca","family":"Dascalu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Iasi University of Life Sciences Ion Ionescu de la Brad, 700489 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bianca Elena","family":"Bratuleanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Center of Advanced Research for Emerging Diseases, Zoonoses and Food Safety (ROVETEMERG), Iasi University of Life Sciences Ion Ionescu de la Brad, 700489 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0982-0040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina Mihaela","family":"Rimbu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Iasi University of Life Sciences Ion Ionescu de la Brad, 700489 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Regional Center of Advanced Research for Emerging Diseases, Zoonoses and Food Safety (ROVETEMERG), Iasi University of Life Sciences Ion Ionescu de la Brad, 700489 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8128-9680","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florentina Daraban","family":"Bocaneti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Iasi University of Life Sciences Ion Ionescu de la Brad, 700489 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arn\u00e9, P., Risco-Castillo, V., Jouvion, G., Barzic, C.L., and Guillot, J. (2021). Aspergillosis in wild birds. J. Fungi, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof7030241"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S71","DOI":"10.1080\/13693780400020089","article-title":"Aspergillosis in mammals and birds: Impact on veterinary medicine","volume":"43","author":"Tell","year":"2005","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Altman, R.B., Chubb, S.L., Dorrestein, G.M., and Quesenberry, K. (1997). Mycotic diseases. Avian Medicine and Surgery, Publisher Saunders Company. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.24070\/bjvp.1983-0246.v15i2p93-98","article-title":"Pathological and mycological characterization of pulmonary Aspergillus fumigatus infection producing gliotoxin in a captive African grey parrot (Psittacus erithacus)","volume":"15","author":"Salinas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Braz. J. Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Maina, J.N. (2005). The Lung-Air Sac System of Birds: Development, Structure, and Function, Springer. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2019.1696946","article-title":"Spotlight on avian pathology: Aspergillosis","volume":"49","author":"Hauck","year":"2020","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00493579","article-title":"Fatal aspergillosis in imported parrots","volume":"56","author":"Kaplan","year":"1975","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00443008","article-title":"Enzootic aspergillosis in wild red vented cockatoos in the Philippines","volume":"73","author":"Burr","year":"1981","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"4","article-title":"Pulmonary aspergillosis due to Aspergillus flavus infection in a captive Eclectus Parrot (Eclectus roratus)","volume":"5","author":"Churria","year":"2012","journal-title":"Braz. J. Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"144","article-title":"A case of aspergillosis in a bearded vulture (Gypaetos barbatus)","volume":"6","author":"Mihaylov","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trakia J. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-008-9199-7","article-title":"Anatomopathological aspects of avian aspergillosis","volume":"33","author":"Cacciuttolo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.12.2.310","article-title":"Aspergillus fumigatus and aspergillosis","volume":"12","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thom, C., and Raper, K.B. (1945). A Manual of the Aspergilli, The Williams & Wilkins Company.","DOI":"10.1097\/00010694-194510000-00008"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1080\/13693780310001656786","article-title":"PCR identification system for the genus Aspergillus and three major pathogenic species: Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger","volume":"42","author":"Sugita","year":"2004","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-4162-13094","article-title":"Pneumonia, airsacculitis and osteomyelitis caused by Aspergillus fumigatus in an African grey parrot (Psittacus erithacus)\u2013case report","volume":"76","author":"Souza","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"1","article-title":"Aspergillus fumigatus in poultry","volume":"2011","author":"Thierry","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"1038","article-title":"Identification of pathogenic Aspergillus isolates from captive birds in Australia","volume":"56","author":"Talbot","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.2307\/1591580","article-title":"Tracheal aspergillosis in 6 1\/2-week-old chickens caused by Aspergillus flavus","volume":"36","author":"Barton","year":"1992","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2010.506210","article-title":"Aspergillus infections in birds: A review","volume":"39","author":"Beernaert","year":"2010","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.20546\/ijcmas.2016.510.028","article-title":"Detection of Aspergillus Species by polymerase chain reaction","volume":"5","author":"Singh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. Appl. Sci."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/14\/15\/2282\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:30:32Z","timestamp":1760110232000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/14\/15\/2282"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"15","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ani14152282"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani14152282","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,5]]}}}