{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:15:16Z","timestamp":1760112916695,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,9]],"date-time":"2024-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723161600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"Ministry of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2023-00247989"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2023-00247989"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A non-reducible tibial tuberosity fracture is a rare complication of tibial tuberosity transposition performed during correcting of medial patella luxation (MPL) in dogs. This condition severely disrupts the quadriceps extensor mechanism, leading to significant pelvic limb lameness. An 11-year-old, 1.8 kg spayed female Yorkshire Terrier sustained a comminuted left tibial tuberosity fracture during surgical correction of an MPL. Six months after surgery, the dog was markedly lame and unable to extend the left stifle. Radiographs revealed patella alta and resorption of the fragmented tibial tuberosity. A composite frozen allogeneic calcaneal tendon\u2013bone block was utilized to reconstruct the tibial tuberosity and reattach the patellar ligament. Initial postoperative radiographs confirmed restoration of a normal patellar ligament to patella length ratio (1.42). Both the allogeneic bone used for tibial tuberosity reconstruction and the tendon used to reattach the patellar ligament were successfully integrated. The dog regained satisfactory limb function without recurrence of patella luxation, as reported by the owners 29 months postoperatively. The use of a calcaneal tendon\u2013bone allograft effectively restored the functional integrity of the quadriceps extensor mechanism, providing a viable option for addressing quadriceps insufficiency resulting from the loss of the osseous tibial insertion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14162315","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,10]],"date-time":"2024-08-10T06:25:24Z","timestamp":1723271124000},"page":"2315","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Reconstruction of the Quadriceps Extensor Mechanism with a Calcaneal Tendon\u2013Bone Allograft in a Dog with a Resorbed Tibial Tuberosity Fracture"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Hyunho","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1594-6670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haebeom","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel D.","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3652-9857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaemin","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4095-2924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gyumin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Youngjin","family":"Jeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.3415\/VCOT-13-08-0100","article-title":"Major complications and risk factors associated with surgical correction of congenital medial patellar luxation in 124 dogs","volume":"27","author":"Cashmore","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Comp. Orthop. Traumatol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Griffon, D., and Hamaide, A. (2016). Complications associated with the treatment of patellar luxation. Complications in Small Animal Surgery, Wiley Blackwell.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119421344"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.1992.tb00068.x","article-title":"Unilateral and bilateral stifle arthrodesis in eight dogs","volume":"21","author":"Cofone","year":"1992","journal-title":"Vet. Surg."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2007.09.007","article-title":"Tendon: Biology, biomechanics, repair, growth factors, and evolving treatment options","volume":"33","author":"James","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpm.2022.07.006","article-title":"Achilles tendon rupture repair: Simple to complex","volume":"40","author":"King","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Podiatr. Med. Sur"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"11","article-title":"Reconstruction of an Achilles rupture with 12 cm defect utilizing Achilles tendon allograft and calcaneal bone block: A case report","volume":"13","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Online J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1177\/1071100713514037","article-title":"Chronic Achilles rupture repair by allograft with bone block fixation: Technique tip","volume":"35","author":"Hanna","year":"2014","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jim\u00e9nez-Carrasco, C., Ammari-S\u00e1nchez-Villanueva, F., Prada-Chamorro, E., Garc\u00eda-Guirao, A.J., and Tejero, S. (2023). Allograft and autologous reconstruction techniques for neglected achilles tendon rupture: A mid-long-term follow-up analysis. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12031135"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12043","article-title":"Patellar ligament-bone autograft for reconstruction of a distal patellar ligament defect in a dog","volume":"54","author":"Farrell","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"1","article-title":"Autograft, allograft and xenograft options in the treatment of neglected Achilles tendon ruptures: A historical review with illustration of surgical repair","volume":"1","author":"Grove","year":"2008","journal-title":"Foot Ankle J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200206000-00015","article-title":"Reconstruction of chronic ruptures of the distal biceps tendon with use of an achilles tendon allograft","volume":"84","author":"Morrey","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1097\/01.blo.0000238818.25530.2b","article-title":"Extensor mechanism allograft reconstruction in TKA at a mean of 56 months","volume":"452","author":"Burnett","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2694","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200412000-00016","article-title":"Extensor mechanism allograft reconstruction after total knee arthroplasty: A comparison of two techniques","volume":"86","author":"Burnett","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26350254211032680","DOI":"10.1177\/26350254211032680","article-title":"Revision quadriceps tendon repair with bone-Achilles allograft augmentation","volume":"1","author":"Dandu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Video J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.17221\/6656-VETMED","article-title":"Augmentation of ruptured tendon using fresh frozen Achilles tendon allograft in two dogs: A case report","volume":"58","author":"Alam","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.5326\/JAAHA-MS-6870","article-title":"Use of frozen tendon allograft in two clinical cases: Common calcaneal tendon and patellar ligament rupture","volume":"56","author":"Serra","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paolin, A., Spagnol, L., Battistella, G., and Trojan, D. (2018). Evaluation of allograft decontamination with two different antibiotic cocktails at the Treviso Tissue Bank Foundation. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0201792"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Johnson, K.A. (2014). Approach to the stifle joint through a lateral incision. Piermattei\u2019s Atlas of Surgical Approaches to the Bones and Joints of the Dog and Cat, 5 ed., Elsevier Saunders Missouri."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2005.00115.x","article-title":"Vertical patellar position in large-breed dogs with clinically normal stifles and large-breed dogs with medial patellar luxation","volume":"35","author":"Johnson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Surg."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1097\/BTK.0b013e3182485cda","article-title":"Reconstruction of chronic patellar tendon ruptures with extensor mechanism allograft","volume":"11","author":"Magnussen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Tech. Knee Surg."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"e15368","article-title":"Neglected rupture of the patellar tendon after fixation of tibial tubercle avulsion in an adolescent male managed with ipsilateral semitendinosus autograft reconstruction","volume":"13","author":"Panagopoulos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walsh, W.R. (2006). Healing of ligament and tendon to bone. Repair and Regeneration of Ligaments, Tendons and Joint Capsule, Humana Press Inc.","DOI":"10.1385\/1592599427"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-008-0584-0","article-title":"Graft healing in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction","volume":"16","author":"Ekdahl","year":"2008","journal-title":"Knee Surg. Sports Traumatol. Arthrosc."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1016\/S0268-0033(02)00075-X","article-title":"A comparative study of bone to bone repair and bone to tendon healing in patella\u2013patellar tendon complex in rabbits","volume":"17","author":"Leung","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546515576904","article-title":"A comparative study on the biomechanical and histological properties of bone-to-bone, bone-to-tendon, and tendon-to-tendon healing: An Achilles tendon\u2013calcaneus model in goats","volume":"43","author":"Leung","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"100112","article-title":"Tibial tubercle osteotomy to unload the patellofemoral joint","volume":"3","author":"Atzmon","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cartil. Jt. Preserv."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e67","DOI":"10.4142\/jvs.2020.21.e67","article-title":"Patellofemoral contact mechanics after transposition of tibial tuberosity in dogs","volume":"21","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e69","DOI":"10.4142\/jvs.2020.21.e69","article-title":"Effects of quadriceps angle on patellofemoral contact pressure","volume":"21","author":"Yoo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, G., Zhang, H., Ma, Q., Zhao, J., Zhang, Y., Fan, Q., and Ma, B. (2016). Fresh-frozen complete extensor mechanism allograft versus autograft reconstruction in rabbits. Sci. Rep., 6.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep22106"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.3928\/0147-7447-19921001-13","article-title":"Clinical use of fresh, frozen soft tissue allografts","volume":"15","author":"Olson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Orthopedics"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"152","article-title":"Bacterial contamination of allografts","volume":"60","author":"Barrios","year":"1994","journal-title":"Acta Orthop. Belg."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-5898(05)70318-7","article-title":"Biology of allografting","volume":"29","author":"Garbuz","year":"1998","journal-title":"Orthop. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/S0736-0266(00)90002-0","article-title":"The effect of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 on femoral reconstruction with an intercalary allograft in a dog model","volume":"19","author":"Pluhar","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.17555\/jvc.2018.06.35.3.71","article-title":"Surgical correction of medial patellar luxation including release of vastus median\u2019s without trochleoplasty in small breed dogs: A retrospective review of 22 cases","volume":"35","author":"Choi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Vet. Clin."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"068","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-1757592","article-title":"Ideal anchor points for patellar anti-rotational sutures for management of medial patellar luxation in dogs: A radiographic survey","volume":"36","author":"Mazdarani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet. Comp. Orthop. Traumatol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199907000-00010","article-title":"The effect of gap formation at the repair site on the strength and excursion of intrasynovial flexor tendons. An experimental study on the early stages of tendon-healing in dogs","volume":"81","author":"Gelberman","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-950X.2004.04057.x","article-title":"Biomechanical and clinical evaluation of a modified 3-loop pulley suture pattern for reattachment of canine tendons to bone","volume":"33","author":"Moores","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet. Surg."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.5455\/OVJ.2022.v12.i3.5","article-title":"Novel Achilles tendon repair technique utilizing an allograft and hybrid external fixator in dogs","volume":"12","author":"Tidwell","year":"2022","journal-title":"Open Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e98","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-1750031","article-title":"Patellar tendon repair using a patellar tendon allograft and external fixator in three dogs","volume":"5","author":"Tidwell","year":"2022","journal-title":"VCOT Open"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"69","article-title":"External skeletal fixation","volume":"2","author":"Bakici","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Vet. Anim. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2012.01306.x","article-title":"Long bone fracture as a complication following external skeletal fixation: 11 cases","volume":"53","author":"Knudsen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"00163","article-title":"Biomechanical evaluation of patellar tendon repair techniques: Comparison of double Krackow stitch with and without cerclage augmentation","volume":"5","author":"Gehrmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"MOJ Orthop. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.3113\/FAI.2008.0329","article-title":"A biomechanical study of Achilles tendon repair augmentation using GraftJacket matrix","volume":"29","author":"Barber","year":"2008","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/14\/16\/2315\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:32:58Z","timestamp":1760110378000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/14\/16\/2315"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,9]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ani14162315"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani14162315","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2076-2615"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,9]]}}}