{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T10:34:32Z","timestamp":1775126072401,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,19]],"date-time":"2024-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724025600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The purpose of this probabilistic assessment was to estimate the risk of sulfur-induced polioencephalomalacia (S-PEM) for beef raised across Texas, from a dietary perspective. Ruminant nutritionists in Amarillo, TX, formulated two typical nutritional regimens based on cattle production stages, each containing six feed ingredients and well water. The Office of the Texas State Chemist (OTSC), National Research Council (NRC), and the published literature provided S data for feed ingredients. The Texas Water Development Board provided data for S content in Texas well water, categorized into twelve districts established by the Texas A&amp;M AgriLife Research Extension Service. The S-PEM risk was estimated at five different eNDF levels ranging from 0% to 8% in 2% increments, using rumen degradable S (RDS) as an input value. Findings identified cattle raised in the South Plains district as the most susceptible population to S toxicity, with beef in the finishing production stage experiencing increased sensitivity. The most potential (MP) risk scenario suggested that the S-PEM risk could reach 28.5% for growers and 100% for finishers. Results further revealed that when S concentrations in well water exceeded 14.5 mg\/L, water became the greatest contributor to RDS content for Texas beef, suggesting that high S content in well water is the most prominent concern for Texas beef.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14162400","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,19]],"date-time":"2024-08-19T05:19:36Z","timestamp":1724044776000},"page":"2400","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Probabilistic Risk Assessment of Polioencephalomalacia from Texas Beef Consuming Rations Containing Multiple Sources of Dietary Sulfur"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ashli A.","family":"Brown","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of the Texas State Chemist, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Texas A&M University System, College Station, TX 77843, USA"},{"name":"Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Timothy","family":"Herrman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service (2024, August 11). 2017 Census of Agriculture, Available online: www.nass.usda.gov\/Publications\/AgCensus\/2017."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Shurson, G.J. (2019). DDGS User Handbook\u2014Precision DDGS Nutrition, Update 2018; US Grain Council. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3763","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2013-7242","article-title":"High-sulfur in beef cattle diets: A review","volume":"92","author":"Drewnoski","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"National Research Council (2000). Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle: Seventh Revised Edition: Update 2000, The National Academies Press."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"National Research Council (2005). Mineral Tolerance of Animals: Second Revised Edition, The National Academies Press."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.7243\/2054-3425-1-1","article-title":"A review of polioencephalomalacia in ruminants: Is the development of malacic lesions associated with excess sulfur intake independent of thiamine deficiency?","volume":"1","author":"Amat","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Med. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.2527\/1998.761309x","article-title":"Polioencephalomalacia","volume":"76","author":"Gould","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0720(15)30082-7","article-title":"Update on sulfur-related polioencephalomalacia","volume":"16","author":"Gould","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. North America. Food Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service (1906). Federal Meat Inspection Act, USDA."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"(2024, August 11). 25 Tex. Admin. Code \u00a7 221.14 \u2013 Custom Exempt Slaughter and Processing; Low-Volume Poultry or Rabbit Slaughter Opera-tions. Texas State of Secretary: Austin, TX 78701. Available online: https:\/\/texreg.sos.state.tx.us\/public\/readtac$ext.TacPage?sl=R&app=9&p_dir=&p_rloc=&p_tloc=&p_ploc=&pg=1&p_tac=&ti=25&pt=1&ch=221&rl=14."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.21423\/bovine-vol47no1p47-53","article-title":"The Effect of sulfur and use of ruminal available sulfur as a model to predict incidence of polioencephalomalacia in feedlot cattle","volume":"47","author":"Nichols","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bov. Pract."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Office of the Texas State Chemist (2014). Sulfur in feed by ICP-OES. Fifth Revision, OTSC."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3352","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2012-5626","article-title":"Impact of source of sulfur on ruminal hydrogen sulfide and logic for the ruminal available sulfur for reduction concept","volume":"91","author":"Sarturi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"National Research Council (2001). 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