{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T22:49:58Z","timestamp":1778539798773,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]],"date-time":"2024-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724284800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"USDA Precision Livestock Management","award":["4w9145"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4w9145"]}]},{"name":"USDA Precision Livestock Management","award":["423274"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["423274"]}]},{"name":"Nancy Cameron Endowment Fund","award":["4w9145"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4w9145"]}]},{"name":"Nancy Cameron Endowment Fund","award":["423274"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["423274"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) determines cattle\u2019s susceptibility to High Altitude Disease (HAD), also known as Brisket Disease, High Mountain Disease, and right-sided heart failure (RHF). This non-infectious disease causes pulmonary hypertension due to hypoxia. PAP measures the resistance of blood flow through the lungs. It is estimated that 1.5 million head of cattle are raised in high-altitude environments (above 1500 m), and HAD accounts for 3\u20135% of calf death loss yearly. In addition, there have been increasing concerns about feedlot cattle succumbing to RHF at moderate elevations. This review focuses on the historical background, explanation of PAP measurement and scores, genetic implications, and the relationship between PAP and economically relevant traits. Specifically, traits such as gestation length, birth weight, weaning weight, and yearling weight may impact PAP scores. In addition, environmental effects and other factors impacting PAP score variations are discussed. Information gaps and research needs are addressed to determine where missing information could improve the understanding of PAP while also benefiting beef cattle producers in high-elevation production systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14162430","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]],"date-time":"2024-08-22T04:26:57Z","timestamp":1724300817000},"page":"2430","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Use of Pulmonary Arterial Pressure (PAP) for Improved Beef Cattle Management"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Kaylen","family":"Stearns","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"DelCurto-Wyffels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3533-5022","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sam","family":"Wyffels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6626-0249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Megan","family":"Van Emon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"DelCurto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2024, July 17). Bovine High-Mountain Disease. Available online: https:\/\/www.merckvetmanual.com\/circulatory-system\/bovine-high-mountain-disease\/bovine-high-mountain-disease."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2007.08.001","article-title":"Pulmonary arterial pressure testing for high mountain disease in cattle","volume":"23","author":"Holt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Food Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Markel, C.D. (2023). Characterizing Effects of Management Strategy and Degree of Pulmonary Hypertension on Live Growth Performance, Carcass Quality, and Respiratory Microbiome of Finishing Beef Cattle. [Master\u2019s Thesis, University of Wyoming]."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Glover, G.H., and Newsom, I.E. (1914). Brisket Disease: Dropsy of High Altitudes, Agricultural Experiment Station of the Agricultural College of Colorado."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Ettinger, S.J., and Feldman, E.C. (2005). Pathophysiology of heart failure. Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Saunders Elsevier. [6th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"819","article-title":"Congestive heart failure due to epicardial lymphosarcoma in a Holstein cow","volume":"40","author":"Ivany","year":"1999","journal-title":"Can. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2007-0270","article-title":"Inheritance of pulmonary arterial pressure in Angus cattle and its correlation with growth","volume":"86","author":"Shirley","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anim. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Enns, R.M., Brinks, J.S., Bourdon, R.M., and Field, T.G. (1992, January 8\u201310). Heritability of pulmonary arterial pressure in Angus cattle. Proceedings of the Western Section, American Society of Animal Science, Phoenix, AZ, USA."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Cockrum, R.R., Zeng, X., Berge, N.F., Neary, J.M., Garry, F.B., Holt, T., Blackburn, H.D., Thomas, S., Speidel, S.E., and Garrick, D.J. (2014, January 17\u201322). Angus cattle at high altitude: Genetic relationships and initial genome-wide association analysis of pulmonary arterial pressure. Proceedings of the World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production, Vancouver, BC, Canada."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01017.2004","article-title":"Comparative physiology of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension: Historical clues from brisket disease","volume":"98","author":"Rhodes","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2152","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2011-4365","article-title":"Genotype by environment interaction for growth due to altitude in United States Angus cattle","volume":"90","author":"Williams","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anim. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/3.1.75","article-title":"The small pulmonary arteries of the llama and other domestic animals native to high altitudes","volume":"3","author":"Heath","year":"1969","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"1098","article-title":"Pulmonary Vascular Pathology of Bovine High Mountain Disease","volume":"24","author":"Alexander","year":"1963","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"555","article-title":"The anatomy and physiology of the bovine respiratory system relating to pulmonary disease","volume":"68","author":"Veit","year":"1978","journal-title":"Cornell Vet."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1159\/000192262","article-title":"The bovine lung: Normal vascular histology and vascular lesions in high mountain disease","volume":"19","author":"Alexander","year":"1962","journal-title":"Respiration"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"skaa129","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skaa129","article-title":"Evaluation of the sensitivity of pulmonary arterial pressure to elevation using a reaction norm model in Angus Cattle","volume":"98","author":"Speidel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anim. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-150-39079","article-title":"Influence of altitude and age on pulmonary arterial pressure in cattle","volume":"150","author":"Will","year":"1975","journal-title":"Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3854","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2015-9048","article-title":"Mean pulmonary arterial pressures in Angus steers increase from cow\u2013calf to feedlot\u2013finishing phases","volume":"93","author":"Neary","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anim. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.2527\/2006.8451259x","article-title":"Examination of potential methods to predict pulmonary arterial pressure score in yearling beef cattle","volume":"84","author":"Ahola","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anim. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.15232\/pas.2016-01587","article-title":"Case Study: Factors influencing pulmonary arterial pressure in cattle of the San Juan Basin Research Center 4-Corners Bull Test data","volume":"33","author":"Crawford","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prof. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"American Simmental Association (2014). Beef Briefs: History of the Simmental Breed, American Simmental Association."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S118","DOI":"10.1093\/tas\/txaa117","article-title":"Heterosis and its potential influence on pulmonary arterial pressure in beef cattle","volume":"4","author":"Thomas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.2527\/asasann.2017.177","article-title":"Genetic structure of Angus and Salers in relation to SNP associated with pulmonary arterial pressure","volume":"95","author":"Krehbiel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anim. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1979.46.1.184","article-title":"Pregnancy-induced pulmonary hypertension in cows susceptible to high mountain disease","volume":"46","author":"Moore","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1978.45.3.469","article-title":"Cold-induced pulmonary hypertension in cattle","volume":"45","author":"Will","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"217","article-title":"Swainsonine-induced high mountain disease in calves","volume":"33","author":"James","year":"1991","journal-title":"Vet. Hum. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"293","article-title":"Genetics of Brisket Disease in Beef Cattle: A Not So High Altitude Problem","volume":"22","author":"Thomas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Assoc. Advmt. Anim. Breed. Genet."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Thomas, M.G., Neary, J.M., Krafsur, G.M., Holt, T.N., Enns, R.M., Speidel, S.E., Garry, F.B., Canovas, A., Medrano, J.F., and Brown, R.D. (2018). Pulmonary Hypertension (PH) in Beef Cattle: Complicated Threat to Health and Productivity in Multiple Beef Industry Segments. Certified Angus Beef (CAB) White Paper, Certified Angus Beef."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638719855108","article-title":"Investigation of congestive heart failure in beef cattle in a feedyard at a moderate altitude in western Nebraska","volume":"31","author":"Moxley","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Ganong, W.F. (2001). Review of Medical Physiology, McGraw-Hill Book Co."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Cueva, S. (1967). Blood Oxygen Transport in Cattle \u201cSusceptible\u201d and \u201cResistant\u201d to High Mountain (Brisket) Disease. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Colorado State University]."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Card, C.S. (1977). The Bovine Erythron during Hypoxic Stress. [Ph.D. Dissertation, Colorado State University]."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4483","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2016-0703","article-title":"Heritabilities and genetic correlations of pulmonary arterial pressure and performance traits in Angus cattle at high altitude","volume":"94","author":"Crawford","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anim. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.2527\/jas1988.6681899x","article-title":"Genetic parameter estimates for preweaning traits of beef cattle in a stressful environment","volume":"66","author":"DeNise","year":"1988","journal-title":"Anim. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Neary, J.M. (2014). Epidemiological, Physiological and Genetic Risk Factors Associated with Congestive Heart Failure and Mean Pulmonary Arterial Pressure in Cattle. [Ph.D. Dissertation, Colorado State University]."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Mefford, C. (2019). The Genetic Tool Will Allow Producers to More Easily Identify Cattle Less Susceptible to High Altitude Disease, American Angus Association."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Geiss, L., and Culbertson, R. (2020). Multibreed PAP EPD Released. Colorado State University (CSU) and International Genetic Solutions (IGS) Partners Provide a Tool to Identify Cattle Less Susceptible to Brisket Disease, HerdBook."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.2527\/jas1978.473595x","article-title":"Phenotypic and Genetic Relationships between Calving Ease, Gestation Length, Birth Weight and Preweaning Growth","volume":"47","author":"Burfening","year":"1978","journal-title":"Anim. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E205","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2009-2351","article-title":"Effects of maternal nutrition on conceptus growth and offspring performance: Implications for beef cattle production","volume":"88","author":"Funston","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anim. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.114.6.141","article-title":"Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome in the calf","volume":"114","author":"Eigenmann","year":"1984","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1674","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1996.80.5.1674","article-title":"Postnatal lung responses and surfactant function after fetal or maternal corticosteroid treatment","volume":"80","author":"Rebello","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"38","article-title":"Neonatal calf asphyxia syndrome. Importance and critical evaluation","volume":"16","author":"Benesi","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch. Sch. Vet. Med. Fed. Univ. Bahia"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/sky404.235","article-title":"286 Gestation length as a weak predictor of yearling pulmonary arterial pressure and risk of developing high altitude disease in Angus cattle at high elevation","volume":"96","author":"Foxworthy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anim. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4936","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2014-8565","article-title":"Beef cow prepartum supplement level and age at weaning: II. Effects of developmental programming on performance and carcass composition of steer progeny","volume":"93","author":"Shoup","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anim. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.06.007","article-title":"Newborn calf vitality: Risk factors, characteristics, assessment, resulting outcomes and strategies for improvement","volume":"198","author":"Murray","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Schimmel, J.G. (1981). Genetic aspects of high mountain disease in beef cattle. [Ph.D. Dissertation, Colorado State University]."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"skad288","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skad288","article-title":"Genetic parameters for pulmonary arterial pressure, yearling performance, and carcass ultrasound traits in Angus cattle","volume":"101","author":"Pauling","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anim. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"515","article-title":"Brisket disease in yearling feedlot cattle","volume":"169","author":"Jensen","year":"1976","journal-title":"JAVMA"}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/14\/16\/2430\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:40:51Z","timestamp":1760110851000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/14\/16\/2430"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ani14162430"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani14162430","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]]}}}