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In this study, tiger puffers were farmed in normoxia conditions (NO, 6.5 \u00b1 0.5 mg\/L), intermittent hypoxia (IH, 6.5 \u00b1 0.5 mg\/L in the day and 3.5 \u00b1 0.5 mg\/L in the night), or choric hypoxia (CH, 3.5 \u00b1 0.5 mg\/L) conditions for 4 weeks, after which the growth, nutrient metabolism and three hif\u03b1 isoforms expression were measured. Both intermittent and chronic hypoxia decreased the fish growth and visceral weight but increased the feed conversion ratio and blood hemoglobin content. Chronic hypoxia but not intermittent hypoxia promoted protein synthesis and whole-fish protein content by activating mtor gene expression and promoted the glycolysis pathway by activating gene expression of hif1\u03b1 and hif2\u03b1. Intermittent hypoxia but not chronic hypoxia decreased the hepatic lipid synthesis by inhibiting fasn and srebf1 gene expression. Meanwhile, intermittent hypoxia reduced the monounsaturated fatty acid content but increased the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids percentage. The results of this study clarified the adaptive mechanism of tiger puffer to intermittent and chronic hypoxia, which provides important information about mechanisms of hypoxia adaption in fish.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14172470","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]],"date-time":"2024-08-26T03:14:31Z","timestamp":1724642071000},"page":"2470","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Effects of Intermittent and Chronic Hypoxia on Fish Size and Nutrient Metabolism in Tiger Puffer (Takifugu rubripes)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7635-2342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiang","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renxiao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5032-1580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuliang","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China"},{"name":"Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao 266237, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengqing","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China"},{"name":"Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao 266237, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1000-9928","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Houguo","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China"},{"name":"Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao 266237, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-7-1669-2010","article-title":"Impacts of hypoxia on the structure and processes in pelagic communities (zooplankton, macro-invertebrates and fish)","volume":"7","author":"Ekau","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-326X(02)00098-X","article-title":"Simulation of eutrophication and associated occurrence of hypoxic and anoxic condition in a coastal bay in Japan","volume":"45","author":"Karim","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mar. 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