{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:22:33Z","timestamp":1760145753598,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]],"date-time":"2024-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724889600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Earlier, we described a breed-specific inflammatory myopathy in Dutch Kooiker dogs (Het Nederlandse Kooikerhondje), one of the nine Dutch breeds. The disease commonly manifests itself with clinical signs of difficulty walking, muscle weakness, exercise intolerance, and\/or dysphagia. In nearly all dogs\u2019 creatine kinase (CK) activity was elevated. Histopathology reveals the infiltration of inflammatory cells within the skeletal muscles. The objective of this study was to further investigate and characterize the histopathological changes in muscle tissue and immunophenotype the inflammatory infiltrates. FFPE fixed-muscle biopsies from 39 purebred Kooiker dogs were included and evaluated histopathologically according to a tailored classification scheme for skeletal muscle inflammation. As in other breed-related inflammatory myopathies, multifocal, mixed, and predominantly mononuclear cell infiltration was present, with an initial invasion of viable muscle fibres and the surrounding stroma leading to inflammation, necrosis, and tissue damage. Immunophenotyping primarily revealed lymphohistiocytic infiltrates, with CD3+ T-cells being the predominant inflammatory cell type, accompanied by CD8+ cytotoxic T-cells. The concurrent expression of MHC-II class molecules on myofibres suggests their involvement in initiating and maintaining inflammation. Additionally, CD20+ B-cells were identified, though in lower numbers compared to T-cells, and IBA-1-positive macrophages were frequently seen. These findings suggest a breed-specific subtype of polymyositis in Kooiker dogs, akin to other breeds. This study sheds light on the immune response activation, combining adaptive and innate mechanisms, contributing to our understanding of polymyositis in this breed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14172519","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]],"date-time":"2024-08-29T11:12:13Z","timestamp":1724929933000},"page":"2519","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Pathologic Changes in and Immunophenotyping of Polymyositis in the Dutch Kooiker Dog"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6022-2303","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vanessa","family":"Alf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Clinical and Comparative Neuropathology, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yvet","family":"Opmeer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Expertise Centre of Genetics, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3332-1359","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G. Diane","family":"Shelton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093-0709, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1583-9648","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guy C. M.","family":"Grinwis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kaspar","family":"Matiasek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Clinical and Comparative Neuropathology, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1485-1610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Rosati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Clinical and Comparative Neuropathology, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2547-6673","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul J. J.","family":"Mandigers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Expertise Centre of Genetics, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.2001.9695075","article-title":"Epidemiology: Population parameters to compare dog breeds: Differences between five dutch purebred populations","volume":"23","author":"Nielen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet. Q."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5288(93)90020-G","article-title":"Hereditary necrotising myelopathy in Kooiker dogs","volume":"54","author":"Mandigers","year":"1993","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.1994.9694454","article-title":"Relationship between litter size and other reproductive traits in the Dutch Kooiker dog","volume":"16","author":"Mandigers","year":"1994","journal-title":"Vet. Q."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Opmeer, Y., Grinwis, G.C.M., Shelton, G.D., Rosati, M., Alf, V., Fieten, H., Leegwater, P.A.J., Matiasek, K., and Mandigers, P.J.J. (2023). An Inflammatory Myopathy in the Dutch Kooiker Dog. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13091508"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Snels, C. (2022). Clubregister van de Vereniging Het Nederlandse Kooikerhondje, VHNK."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2011.06.016","article-title":"Genetic diversity, inbreeding and breeding practices in dogs: Results from pedigree analyses","volume":"189","author":"Leroy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s40575-021-00111-4","article-title":"The effect of inbreeding, body size and morphology on health in dog breeds","volume":"8","author":"Bannasch","year":"2021","journal-title":"Canine Med. Genet."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2004.tb02546.x","article-title":"DNA testing for type III von Willebrand disease in Dutch Kooiker dogs","volume":"18","author":"Versteeg","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.1998.9694847","article-title":"Type III von Willebrand\u2019s disease in Dutch kooiker dogs","volume":"20","author":"Slappendel","year":"1998","journal-title":"Vet. Q."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mandigers, P.J.J., Stehling, O., Vos-Loohuis, M., Van Steenbeek, F.G., Lill, R., and Leegwater, P.A. (2023). A novel IBA57 variant is associated with mitochondrial iron\u2013sulfur protein deficiency and necrotizing myelopathy in dogs. Front. Genet., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2023.1190222"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2014.05.036","article-title":"Prevalence and genetics of patellar luxation in Kooiker dogs","volume":"201","author":"Wangdee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"28","article-title":"Epilepsie bij de Nederlandse hondenrassen, incidentie en aanbevelingen voor de fokkerij","volume":"142","author":"Mandigers","year":"2017","journal-title":"Tijdschr. Voor Diergeneeskd."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H\u00fclsmeyer, V.I., Fischer, A., Mandigers, P.J., DeRisio, L., Berendt, M., Rusbridge, C., Bhatti, S.F., Pakozdy, A., Patterson, E.E., and Platt, S. (2015). International Veterinary Epilepsy Task Force\u2019s current understanding of idiopathic epilepsy of genetic or suspected genetic origin in purebred dogs. BMC Vet. Res., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-015-0463-0"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Maxie, M.G. (2016). Jubb, Kennedy, and Palmer\u2019s Pathology of Domestic Animals, Elsevier. [6th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2007.06.466","article-title":"From dog to man: The broad spectrum of inflammatory myopathies","volume":"17","author":"Shelton","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuromuscul. Disord."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.20043","article-title":"Canine inflammatory myopathy: Analysis of cellular infiltrates","volume":"29","author":"Pumarola","year":"2004","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2004.tb02606.x","article-title":"Canine inflammatory myopathies: A clinicopathologic review of 200 cases","volume":"18","author":"Evans","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/S0195-5616(03)00083-4","article-title":"Inflammatory myopathies","volume":"32","author":"Podell","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Small Anim. Pr."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"431","article-title":"Polymyositis in dogs","volume":"176","author":"Kornegay","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2010.0660.x","article-title":"Breed-specific polymyositis in Hungarian Vizsla dogs","volume":"25","author":"Haley","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.13350","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of non-infectious inflammatory myopathy in the boxer dog","volume":"62","author":"Hong","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Massey, J., Rothwell, S., Rusbridge, C., Tauro, A., Addicott, D., Chinoy, H., Cooper, R.G., Ollier, W.E., and Kennedy, L.J. (2013). Association of an MHC class II haplotype with increased risk of polymyositis in Hungarian Vizsla dogs. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0056490"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tauro, A., Addicott, D., Foale, R.D., Bowman, C., Hahn, C., Long, S., Massey, J., Haley, A.C., Knowler, S.P., and Day, M.J. (2015). Clinical features of idiopathic inflammatory polymyopathy in the Hungarian Vizsla. BMC Vet. Res., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-015-0408-7"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2006.03.025","article-title":"Sarcolemma-specific autoantibodies in canine inflammatory myopathy","volume":"113","author":"Hankel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.20252","article-title":"Muscle regeneration, inflammation, and connective tissue expansion in canine inflammatory myopathy","volume":"31","author":"Salvadori","year":"2005","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2007.01.012","article-title":"Expression of major histocompatibility complex class I and class II antigens in canine masticatory muscle myositis","volume":"17","author":"Paciello","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuromuscul. Disord."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"151","article-title":"Expression of Major Histocompatibility Complex class I and II in a case of Neospora caninum myositis in a dog","volume":"23","author":"Paciello","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Myol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1354\/vp.39-4-512","article-title":"Myofiber Expression of Class I Major Histocompatibility Complex Accompanied by CD8+ T-cell-associated Myofiber Injury in a Case of Canine Polymyositis","volume":"39","author":"Morita","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2014.06.436","article-title":"An analysis of the sensitivity and specificity of MHC-I and MHC-II immunohistochemical staining in muscle biopsies for the diagnosis of inflammatory myopathies","volume":"24","author":"Luo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuromuscul. Disord."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1097\/00002281-200111000-00002","article-title":"Update on immunopathogenesis in inflammatory myopathies","volume":"13","author":"Nagaraju","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5728(03)00093-6","article-title":"Antigen processing and presentation in human muscle: Cathepsin S is critical for MHC class II expression and upregulated in inflammatory myopathies","volume":"138","author":"Wiendl","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-016-8527-x","article-title":"The Immune Response and the Pathogenesis of Idiopathic Inflammatory Myositis: A Critical Review","volume":"52","author":"Ceribelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2016.09.019","article-title":"Dysregulated innate immune function in the aetiopathogenesis of idiopathic inflammatory myopathies","volume":"16","author":"Day","year":"2017","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e452","DOI":"10.1002\/vrc2.452","article-title":"Generalised idiopathic polymyositis mimicking masticatory myositis in a dog","volume":"10","author":"Troupel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. Rec. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2006.05.005","article-title":"Immunopathogenic pathways in canine inflammatory myopathies resemble human myositis","volume":"113","author":"Shelton","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1988.tb27045.x","article-title":"The T-cell antigen receptor. Structure and mechanism of activation","volume":"540","author":"Samelson","year":"1988","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1038\/303808a0","article-title":"Evidence for the T3-associated 90K heterodimer as the T-cell antigen receptor","volume":"303","author":"Meuer","year":"1983","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925135","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/925135","article-title":"CD4(+)T cells: Differentiation and functions","volume":"2012","author":"Luckheeram","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Dev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1186\/ar2139","article-title":"Immune mechanisms in the pathogenesis of idiopathic inflammatory myopathies","volume":"9","author":"Grundtman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.5858\/2008-132-232-MIAOCI","article-title":"Multiplex immunoassay analysis of cytokines in idiopathic inflammatory myopathy","volume":"132","author":"Baird","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(85)91384-4","article-title":"Increased expression of HLA ABC class I antigens by muscle fibres in Duchenne muscular dystrophy, inflammatory myopathy, and other neuromuscular disorders","volume":"1","author":"Appleyard","year":"1985","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2016.08.010","article-title":"Present Yourself! By MHC Class I and MHC Class II Molecules","volume":"37","author":"Rock","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.5858\/2007-131-1070-MHCCIA","article-title":"Major histocompatibility complex class I and II detection as a diagnostic tool in idiopathic inflammatory myopathies","volume":"131","author":"Jain","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)62513-8","article-title":"Skeletal muscle fibers express major histocompatibility complex class II antigens independently of inflammatory infiltrates in inflammatory myopathies","volume":"159","author":"Englund","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.178.1.547","article-title":"A local antigen-driven humoral response is present in the inflammatory myopathies","volume":"178","author":"Bradshaw","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.21739","article-title":"Permissive environment for B-cell maturation in myositis muscle in the absence of B-cell follicles","volume":"42","author":"Salajegheh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1782","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000187124.92826.20","article-title":"Plasma cells in muscle in inclusion body myositis and polymyositis","volume":"65","author":"Greenberg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.880100812","article-title":"Canine masticatory muscle disorders: A study of 29 cases","volume":"10","author":"Shelton","year":"1987","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.20088","article-title":"Monocyte\/macrophage differentiation in dermatomyositis and polymyositis","volume":"30","author":"Rostasy","year":"2004","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0602325","article-title":"The many faces of macrophage activation","volume":"73","author":"Mosser","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-4889(99)00058-0","article-title":"Functional roles of S100 proteins, calcium-binding proteins of the EF-hand type","volume":"1450","author":"Donato","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA) Mol. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.134.3.1487","article-title":"A monoclonal antibody to a differentiation antigen present on mature human macrophages and absent from monocytes","volume":"134","author":"Zwadlo","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6425","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.26429","article-title":"Macrophage plasticity, polarization, and function in health and disease","volume":"233","author":"Mohammadian","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.59.2.133","article-title":"Development, differentiation, and phenotypic heterogeneity of murine tissue macrophages","volume":"59","author":"Naito","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bosurgi, L., Manfredi, A.A., and Rovere-Querini, P. (2011). Macrophages in injured skeletal muscle: A perpetuum mobile causing and limiting fibrosis, prompting or restricting resolution and regeneration. Front. Immunol., 2.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2011.00062"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100993","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2020.100993","article-title":"Temporal Dynamics and Heterogeneity of Cell Populations during Skeletal Muscle Regeneration","volume":"23","author":"Oprescu","year":"2020","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"McGavin, M.D., and Zachary, J.F. (2021). Pathologic Basis of Veterinary Disease, Elsevier Health Sciences. Available online: https:\/\/shop.elsevier.com\/books\/pathologic-basis-of-veterinary-disease\/zachary\/978-0-323-71313-9."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e27","DOI":"10.4110\/in.2018.18.e27","article-title":"Damage-associated molecular patterns in inflammatory diseases","volume":"18","author":"Roh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immune Netw."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1159\/000347132","article-title":"Damage-associated molecular patterns control neutrophil recruitment","volume":"5","author":"Pittman","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Innate Immun."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e134189","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.134189","article-title":"Neutrophil dysregulation is pathogenic in idiopathic inflammatory myopathies","volume":"5","author":"Seto","year":"2020","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Torres-Ruiz, J., Alcal\u00e1-Carmona, B., Alejandre-Aguilar, R., and G\u00f3mez-Mart\u00edn, D. (2023). Inflammatory myopathies and beyond: The dual role of neutrophils in muscle damage and regeneration. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1113214"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2021.10.003","article-title":"Idiopathic eosinophilic myositis: A systematic literature review","volume":"32","author":"Fermon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuromuscul. Disord."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R72","DOI":"10.1186\/ar4512","article-title":"Roles of mast cells in the pathogenesis of inflammatory myopathy","volume":"16","author":"Yokota","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noto, C.N., Hoft, S.G., and DiPaolo, R.J. (2021). Mast cells as important regulators in autoimmunity and cancer development. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.752350"},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Pestronk, A. (2024, June 01). Neuromuscular Disease Center, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA. Available online: https:\/\/neuromuscular.wustl.edu\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2020.113379","article-title":"Cellular and molecular features of neurogenic skeletal muscle atrophy","volume":"331","author":"Ehmsen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(92)90150-J","article-title":"Quantitative morphometric study of muscle in inclusion body myositis","volume":"112","author":"Verma","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2012.06.006","article-title":"Muscle biopsy evaluation in neuromuscular disorders","volume":"23","author":"Joyce","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Rehabil. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2009.0391.x","article-title":"Lymphoma-associated polymyositis in dogs","volume":"23","author":"Neravanda","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.3233\/JND-190421","article-title":"A Mutation in the Mitochondrial Aspartate\/Glutamate Carrier Leads to a More Oxidizing Intramitochondrial Environment and an Inflammatory Myopathy in Dutch Shepherd Dogs","volume":"6","author":"Shelton","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neuromuscul. Dis."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/14\/17\/2519\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:45:17Z","timestamp":1760111117000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/14\/17\/2519"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ani14172519"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani14172519","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2076-2615"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]]}}}