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The in vitro results demonstrated that, compared to the control group, tea polyphenols significantly reduced CH4 production and the acetate\/propionate ratio (p &lt; 0.05). Tea polyphenols reduced CH4 production by inhibiting the relative abundance of unclassified_d_Archaea methanogens and the protozoa Pseudoentodinium and g__Balantioides. The animal experiments showed that tea polyphenols significantly increased the concentrations of T-AOC and GSH-PX in bovine blood (p &lt; 0.05). In addition, microbial groups such as Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group, Ruminococcaceae_NK4A214_group, and Butyrivibrio_2 were significantly enriched in the ruminal fluid of the tea polyphenol group (p &lt; 0.05). The proteomic results indicated significant upregulation of proteins such as COIII, S100A8, FABP1, SLC2A8, and SLC29A1 (p &lt; 0.05) and downregulation of proteins including HBB, RAB4A, RBP4, LOC107131172, HBA, and ZFYVE19 (p &lt; 0.05), with FABP1 showing a positive correlation with propionate concentration, and RAB4A had a negative correlation (p &lt; 0.05). Overall, tea polyphenols modulate the microbial composition within the rumen, inhibiting CH4 production and enhancing the host\u2019s rumen epithelial cell transport capacity for volatile fatty acids.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14172569","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,4]],"date-time":"2024-09-04T02:25:49Z","timestamp":1725416749000},"page":"2569","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Tea Polyphenols Inhibit Methanogenesis and Improve Rumen Epithelial Transport in Dairy Cows"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Zhanwei","family":"Teng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China"},{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"},{"name":"Postdoctoral Research Base, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuai","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lijie","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liyang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shenhe","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tong","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ningning","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tengyun","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jia, P., Dong, L., Tu, Y., and Diao, Q. 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