{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T15:17:17Z","timestamp":1792163837409,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,4]],"date-time":"2024-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725408000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Conahcyt","award":["1036378"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1036378"]}]},{"name":"Conahcyt","award":["1101339"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1101339"]}]},{"name":"Neuroscience (UV-CA-28) and Neurochemical (UV-CA-304) Groups of the Brain Research Institute","award":["1036378"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1036378"]}]},{"name":"Neuroscience (UV-CA-28) and Neurochemical (UV-CA-304) Groups of the Brain Research Institute","award":["1101339"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1101339"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the pelvic plexus and its regulation across various mammalian species, including rats, cats, dogs, and pigs. The pelvic and hypogastric nerves play crucial roles in regulating pelvic functions such as micturition, defecation, and erection. The anatomical organization of these nerves varies, forming either well-defined ganglia or complex plexuses. Despite these variations, the neurons within these structures are consistently regulated by key neurotransmitters, norepinephrine and acetylcholine. These neurons also possess receptors for testosterone and prolactin, particularly in rats, indicating the significant role of these hormones in neuronal function and development. Moreover, neuropeptides such as vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), substance P, neuropeptide Y (NPY), somatostatin (SOM), galanin (GAL), and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) are co-released with neurotransmitters to modulate pelvic functions. This review highlights the complex interplay between neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, and hormones in regulating pelvic physiology and emphasizes the importance of hormonal regulation in maintaining the functionality and health of the pelvic plexus across different species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14172570","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,4]],"date-time":"2024-09-04T02:25:49Z","timestamp":1725416749000},"page":"2570","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The Anatomy, Histology, and Function of the Major Pelvic Ganglion"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Jessica Natalia","family":"Landa-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctorado en Investigaciones Cerebrales, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa 91190, Veracruz, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda de la Paz","family":"Palacios-Arellano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctorado en Investigaciones Cerebrales, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa 91190, Veracruz, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel Angel","family":"Morales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Biom\u00e9dicas, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8519-5473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gonzalo Emiliano","family":"Aranda-Abreu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Cerebrales, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa 91190, Veracruz, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4497-0909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fausto","family":"Rojas-Dur\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Cerebrales, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa 91190, Veracruz, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deissy","family":"Herrera-Covarrubias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Cerebrales, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa 91190, Veracruz, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1273-4944","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Rebeca","family":"Toledo-C\u00e1rdenas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Cerebrales, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa 91190, Veracruz, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6676-5143","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge Manuel","family":"Su\u00e1rez-Medell\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Cerebrales, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa 91190, Veracruz, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1663-836X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Genaro Alfonso","family":"Coria-Avila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Cerebrales, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa 91190, Veracruz, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8659-4759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Manzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Cerebrales, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa 91190, Veracruz, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1617-5636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Elena","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Aguilar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones Cerebrales, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa 91190, Veracruz, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)62588-6","article-title":"The Pelvic Ganglia","volume":"100","author":"Bradley","year":"1968","journal-title":"J. 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