{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T06:46:55Z","timestamp":1790923615093,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,4]],"date-time":"2024-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725408000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (Youth)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32302753"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32302753"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China (Youth)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SJCX23_1992"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SJCX23_1992"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Practice and Innovation Program of Graduated students in Jiangsu Province","award":["32302753"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32302753"]}]},{"name":"Practice and Innovation Program of Graduated students in Jiangsu Province","award":["SJCX23_1992"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SJCX23_1992"]}]},{"name":"Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD)","award":["32302753"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32302753"]}]},{"name":"Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD)","award":["SJCX23_1992"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SJCX23_1992"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tea tree oil (TTO) improves the intestinal mucosal immunity of weaning piglets, but its underlying mechanism is not clear. We hypothesized that TTO may alleviate inflammatory injury by regulating the function of intestinal epithelial cells. Ileum epithelial cells (IPI-2I) were chosen and an inflammatory injury cell model was generated. The cell viability, cytokine secretion, and gene expression of TLR4 and NF-\u03baB were measured to further evaluate the effects of TTO on the inflammatory injury in immune-stressed cells. The results showed that lipopolysaccharide (LPS; content: \u226530 \u03bcg\/mL; time: 3 h, 6 h, or 9 h) decreased cell viability (p &lt; 0.01), and 50 \u03bcg\/mL LPS stimulated for 6 h resulted in an increased secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and a dramatically decreased secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines (p &lt; 0.05) in IPI-2I cells. Concentrations of 0\u20130.05% of TTO improved cell viability, while the 0.03% TTO treatment resulted in the highest cell viability and alleviated LPS-induced cell death (p &lt; 0.01). In addition, 0.03% TTO alleviated the LPS-induced increase in the gene expression of IL-1\u03b2, TNF\u03b1, and IFN\u03b3, as well as the decrease in the expression of IL-10 in IPI-2I cells (p &lt; 0.05). LPS also upregulated the gene expression of TLR4 and NF-\u03baB (p &lt; 0.05); while TTO supplementation alleviated this effect (p &lt; 0.05), 0.03% and 0.05% TTO supplementation had greater effects (p &lt; 0.05). In conclusion, 50 \u03bcg\/mL LPS stimulated for 6 h can be used to establish an immune-stressed cell model in IPI-2I cell lines, and 0.03% TTO treatment for 6 h alleviated inflammatory injury in the intestinal epithelial cells of pigs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14172577","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,4]],"date-time":"2024-09-04T05:54:47Z","timestamp":1725429287000},"page":"2577","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Protective Effects of Tea Tree Oil on Inflammatory Injury of Porcine Intestinal Epithelial Cells Induced by Lipopolysaccharide In Vitro"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Li","family":"Dong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, No. 48 of East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou 225009, China"},{"name":"Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingqing","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, No. 48 of East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9801-1002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guangzhi","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, No. 48 of East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongsheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, No. 48 of East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongrong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, No. 48 of East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lihuai","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, No. 48 of East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou 225009, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2022.105400","article-title":"L-theanine improves intestinal barrier functions by increasing tight junction protein expression and attenuating inflammatory reaction in weaned piglets","volume":"100","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. 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