{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T22:42:52Z","timestamp":1791412972711,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"17","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,7]],"date-time":"2024-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725667200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea","award":["RS-2022-RD010370"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2022-RD010370"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to determine the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) in various feed ingredients using the direct method. This study comprised eight experimental diets: a Ca\u2013P-free diet and seven experimental diets, each containing monocalcium phosphate (MCP), dicalcium phosphate (DCP), monosodium phosphate (MSP) + limestone, corn, and soybean meal (SBM) as the sole sources of Ca and\/or P. These diets provided 4.21 g\/kg of non-phytate P from MCP, DCP, or MSP, and the MSP + limestone diet included 7.50 g\/kg of Ca. The corn and SBM diets formulated to determine P digestibility maintained a dietary Ca\/total P ratio of 1.4 through the addition of limestone. Chromic oxide was added to the diets as an indigestible index. On day 18, 256 male and 256 female broilers were individually weighed and randomly assigned to eight treatments, each with four replicates for each sex (eight birds per cage). This allocation followed a randomized complete block design based on body weight. On day 21, the birds were euthanized using carbon dioxide, and ileal digesta samples were collected from the distal two-thirds section of the ileum. No significant interactions between the experimental diets and sex regarding the SID of Ca or P were detected, and no effect of sex on the SID was observed. The standardized ileal Ca digestibility of MCP, DCP, limestone, corn, and SBM was found to be 84.7%, 70.1%, 52.6%, 88.6%, and 81.6%, respectively. The standardized ileal P digestibility of MCP, DCP, MSP, corn, and SBM was determined to be 91.8%, 76.8%, 94.4%, 73.1, and 88.4%, respectively. Given the variable digestibility of Ca and P across different feed ingredients, the consideration of the specific type of ingredients used in diet formulation is crucial.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14172603","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,9]],"date-time":"2024-09-09T04:15:01Z","timestamp":1725855301000},"page":"2603","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Standardized Ileal Digestibility of Calcium and Phosphorus in Feed Ingredients for 21-Day-Old Broilers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Chae-Won","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3876-6488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Changsu","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Research Institute for Innovative Animal Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"National Research Council, and Subcommittee on Poultry Nutrition (1994). Nutrient Requirements of Poultry: 1994, National Academies Press."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sommerfeld, V., Omotoso, A.O., Oster, M., Reyer, H., Camarinha-Silva, A., Hasselmann, M., Huber, K., Ponsuksili, S., Seifert, J., and Stefanski, V. (2020). Phytate degradation, transcellular mineral transporters, and mineral utilization by two strains of laying hens as affected by dietary phosphorus and calcium. Animals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10101736"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2018.01.010","article-title":"Measurement of the true ileal calcium digestibility of some feed ingredients for broiler chickens","volume":"237","author":"Anwar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2019.11.009","article-title":"Limestone particle size, calcium and phosphorus levels, and phytase effects on live performance and nutrients digestibility of broilers","volume":"99","author":"Majeed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2023.103248","article-title":"Phosphorus equivalency of exogenous phytase relative to phosphorus in monosodium phosphate in broiler chickens","volume":"103","author":"Sung","year":"2024","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.japr.2020.03.003","article-title":"Inorganic feed phosphate type determines mineral digestibility, broiler performance, and bone mineralization","volume":"29","author":"Lamp","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Appl. Poult. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.3382\/japr.2012-00743","article-title":"Calcium and phosphorus metabolism in broilers: Effect of homeostatic mechanism on calcium and phosphorus digestibility","volume":"22","author":"Angel","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Poult. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114930","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2021.114930","article-title":"Towards a digestible calcium system for broiler chicken nutrition: A review and recommendations for the future","volume":"276","author":"Walk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2010-01000","article-title":"Phytase supplementation improved growth performance and bone characteristics in broilers fed varying levels of dietary calcium","volume":"90","author":"Powell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"687","article-title":"Determination of phosphorus availability in poultry","volume":"69","author":"Rodehutscord","year":"2019","journal-title":"World\u2019s Poult. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2018.04.005","article-title":"True ileal phosphorus digestibility of monocalcium phosphate, monodicalcium phosphate and dicalcium phosphate for broiler chickens","volume":"241","author":"Trairatapiwan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Angel, R. (2011, January 14\u201316). Calcium and phosphorus requirements in broilers and laying hens. Proceedings of the 22nd Annual Australian Poultry Science Symposium, Sydney, NSW, Australia."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2304","DOI":"10.1071\/AN17389","article-title":"Calcium and phosphorus metabolism and nutrition of poultry: Are current diets formulated in excess?","volume":"57","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anim. Prod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2013-03419","article-title":"Measurement of true ileal digestibility and total tract retention of phosphorus in corn and canola meal for broiler chickens","volume":"93","author":"Mutucumarana","year":"2014","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2201","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2011-02063","article-title":"Comparison of retention and prececal digestibility measurements in evaluating mineral phosphorus sources in broilers","volume":"91","author":"Shastak","year":"2012","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.09.022","article-title":"Additivity of apparent and standardized ileal digestibility of phosphorus in mixed diets containing corn and soybean meal fed to broiler chickens","volume":"99","author":"Babatunde","year":"2020","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.5536\/KJPS.2020.47.3.135","article-title":"Standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids in feed ingredients for broiler chickens","volume":"47","author":"An","year":"2020","journal-title":"Korean J. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Acres, A. (2022). Arbor Acres Broiler Nutrition Specifications, Aviagen."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"AOAC (2016). Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International, AOAC International."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.4141\/cjas79-081","article-title":"An improved procedure for the determination of chromic oxide in feed and feces","volume":"59","author":"Fenton","year":"1979","journal-title":"Can. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.2014.r.02","article-title":"Evaluation of amino acid and energy utilization in feedstuff for swine and poultry diets","volume":"27","author":"Kong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.3382\/japr.2013-00740","article-title":"Calcium and phosphorus digestibility: Metabolic limits","volume":"22","author":"Adedokun","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Poult. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1080\/00071668.2021.1943313","article-title":"Comparison of the apparent ileal calcium digestibility of limestone in broilers and layers","volume":"62","author":"David","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2021.101364","article-title":"Determination of the standardized ileal digestible calcium requirement of male Arbor Acres Plus broilers from hatch to day 10 post-hatch","volume":"100","author":"Walk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bai, S., Yang, Y., Ma, X., Liao, X., Wang, R., Zhang, L., Li, S., Luo, X., and Lu, L. (2022). Dietary calcium requirements of broilers fed a conventional corn-soybean meal diet from 1 to 21 days of age. J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-021-00652-5"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pew007","article-title":"Effects of calcium feeding strategy on true ileal phosphorus digestibility and true phosphorus retention determined with growing broilers","volume":"95","author":"Perryman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2020.114649","article-title":"True ileal phosphorus digestibility of soybean meal for male and female broiler chickens","volume":"270","author":"Mirabile","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1080\/09712119.2020.1781133","article-title":"Influence of methodology on the measurement of ileal endogenous calcium losses in broiler chickens","volume":"48","author":"Anwar","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Appl. Anim. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1080\/00071668.2020.1849559","article-title":"True ileal calcium digestibility in soybean meal and canola meal, and true ileal phosphorous digestibility in maize-soybean meal and maize-canola meal diets, without and with microbial phytase, for broiler growers and finishers","volume":"62","author":"David","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20200086","DOI":"10.37496\/rbz5020200086","article-title":"Standardized ileal phosphorus digestibility of meat and bone meal and poultry byproduct meal for broilers","volume":"50","author":"Dilelis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Zootecn."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.2141\/jpsa.0190118","article-title":"Measurement of endogenous phosphorus losses in broiler chickens","volume":"58","author":"Mutucumarana","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5582","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pez314","article-title":"Studies on the measurement of ileal calcium digestibility of calcium sources in broiler chickens","volume":"98","author":"David","year":"2019","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Ross (2014). Ross 308 Broiler: Nutrition Specification, Ross Breeders Limited."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/84.8.1232","article-title":"Evaluation of the broiler\u2019s ability to adapt to an early moderate deficiency of phosphorus and calcium","volume":"84","author":"Yan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1572","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2012-02758","article-title":"Phosphorus digestibility response of broiler chickens to dietary calcium-to-phosphorus ratios","volume":"92","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4290","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pey300","article-title":"True ileal digestibility of calcium in limestone and dicalcium phosphate are additive in diets of broiler chickens","volume":"97","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.5187\/jast.2022.e43","article-title":"Influence of age and type of feed ingredients on apparent and standardized ileal amino acid digestibility in broiler chickens","volume":"64","author":"An","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"David, L.S., Anwar, M.N., Abdollahi, M.R., Bedford, M.R., and Ravindran, V. (2023). Calcium nutrition of broilers: Current perspectives and challenges. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13101590"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2023.115732","article-title":"Determination of ileal digestibility of tryptophan in tryptophan biomass for broilers using the direct and regression methods","volume":"304","author":"Yoon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-6226(95)00057-R","article-title":"Determination of apparent ileal amino-acid digestibility in peas for pigs with the direct, difference and regression methods","volume":"44","author":"Fan","year":"1995","journal-title":"Livest. Prod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"An, S.H., Sung, J.Y., and Kong, C. (2020). Ileal digestibility and total tract retention of phosphorus in inorganic phosphates fed to broiler chickens using the direct method. Animals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10112167"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1679","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pew426","article-title":"Results of an international phosphorus digestibility ring test with broiler chickens","volume":"96","author":"Rodehutscord","year":"2017","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1080\/00071668.2016.1222604","article-title":"Precaecal phosphorus digestibility of inorganic phosphate sources in male broilers","volume":"57","author":"Bikker","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cambra-L\u00f3pez, M., Moset, V., del Carmen L\u00f3pez, M., Sebasti\u00e1n Mesa, J., Carpintero, L., Donadeu, A., Dupuy, J., Mac\u00edas-Vidal, J., Cerisuelo, A., and Ferrer, P. (2021). Evaluation of phosphorus digestibility from monocalcium and dicalcium phosphate sources and comparison between total tract and prececal digestibility standard methods in broilers. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11123427"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1071\/AN17886","article-title":"Determination of true ileal phosphorus digestibility of maize and soybean meal and true ileal calcium digestibility of soybean meal for broiler chickens","volume":"59","author":"Trairatapiwan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anim. Prod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5520","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2014-7884","article-title":"Measurement of true ileal digestibility of phosphorus in some feed ingredients for broiler chickens","volume":"92","author":"Mutucumarana","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2015.05.011","article-title":"Measurement of true ileal phosphorus digestibility in maize and soybean meal for broiler chickens: Comparison of two methodologies","volume":"206","author":"Mutucumarana","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/14\/17\/2603\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:50:05Z","timestamp":1760111405000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/14\/17\/2603"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,7]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"17","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ani14172603"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani14172603","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,7]]}}}