{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T21:29:16Z","timestamp":1768685356722,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,15]],"date-time":"2024-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726358400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Education, Science, and Culture, Japan"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chlamydial infections pose a significant threat to koala populations. Chlamydia pecorum (C. pecorum) remains the major chlamydial species affecting koala health, both in the wild and in captivity, and chlamydial infections are considered important factors affecting the long-term survival of koalas. A clear understanding of chlamydial infections, including the epidemiology, transmission mode, pathogenesis, immune response, control, and prevention thereof, is essential for improving the management of chlamydial infections in koalas. In this study, we discuss the important advances made in our understanding of C. pecorum infection in koalas, focusing on the epidemiology of chlamydial infections, and the transmission, pathogenesis, immune response, and control strategies for chlamydial infection, with the aim of improving koala health and achieving effective conservation strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14182686","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,16]],"date-time":"2024-09-16T07:36:00Z","timestamp":1726472160000},"page":"2686","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Epidemiology, Transmission Mode, and Pathogenesis of Chlamydia pecorum Infection in Koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus): An Overview"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4806-9843","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Enamul Hoque","family":"Kayesh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Public Health, Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Barishal 8210, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Md Abul","family":"Hashem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4403-2018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyoko","family":"Tsukiyama-Kohara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Transboundary Animal Diseases Centre, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvacx.2023.100329","article-title":"Reduction of Chlamydia pecorum and Koala Retrovirus subtype B expression in wild koalas vaccinated with novel peptide and peptide\/recombinant protein formulations","volume":"14","author":"Quigley","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vaccine X"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2013.02.026","article-title":"Recent advances in understanding the biology, epidemiology and control of chlamydial infections in koalas","volume":"165","author":"Polkinghorne","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985818806963","article-title":"Chlamydia pecorum Infection in the Male Reproductive System of Koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus)","volume":"56","author":"Palmieri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Tan, M., Hegeman, J.H., and S\u00fctterlin, C. (2020). Recent Advances in Epidemiology, Pathology and Immunology of Veterinary Chlamydiae. Chlamydia Biology: From Genome to Disease, Caister Academic Press. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Phillips, S., Robbins, A., Loader, J., Hanger, J., Booth, R., Jelocnik, M., Polkinghorne, A., and Timms, P. (2018). Chlamydia pecorum gastrointestinal tract infection associations with urogenital tract infections in the koala (Phascolarctos cinereus). PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0206471"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1177\/03009858231225499","article-title":"Immunohistochemical characterization of the immune cell response during chlamydial infection in the male and female koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) reproductive tract","volume":"61","author":"Pagliarani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"000250","article-title":"Molecular Evidence for Subclinical Infection of Chlamydia pecorum in Captive Koalas (Phascolarctos Cinereus) of Japanese Zoos","volume":"8","author":"Hashem","year":"2023","journal-title":"Open Access J. Vet. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/S0723-2020(96)80077-4","article-title":"Outer membrane protein 2 gene sequences indicate that Chlamydia pecorum and Chlamydia pneumoniae cause infections in koalas","volume":"19","author":"Glassicki","year":"1996","journal-title":"Syst. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2014.04.022","article-title":"Chlamydiaceae and Chlamydia-like organisms in the koala (Phascolarctos cinereus)--organ distribution and histopathological findings","volume":"172","author":"Burach","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985815570069","article-title":"Orchitis and Epididymitis in Koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) Infected With Chlamydia pecorum","volume":"52","author":"Johnston","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.7589\/2014-07-176","article-title":"The prevalence and clinical significance of Chlamydia infection in island and mainland populations of Victorian koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus)","volume":"51","author":"Patterson","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.000241","article-title":"Identification of unusual Chlamydia pecorum genotypes in Victorian koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) and clinical variables associated with infection","volume":"65","author":"Legione","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuaa024","article-title":"Helping koalas battle disease\u2014Recent advances in Chlamydia and koala retrovirus (KoRV) disease understanding and treatment in koalas","volume":"44","author":"Quigley","year":"2020","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2010.12.027","article-title":"Using integrated population modelling to quantify the implications of multiple threatening processes for a rapidly declining population","volume":"144","author":"Rhodes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fabijan, J., Caraguel, C., Jelocnik, M., Polkinghorne, A., Boardman, W.S.J., Nishimoto, E., Johnsson, G., Molsher, R., Woolford, L., and Timms, P. (2019). Chlamydia pecorum prevalence in South Australian koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) populations: Identification and modelling of a population free from infection. Sci. Rep., 9.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-42702-z"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nyari, S., Waugh, C.A., Dong, J., Quigley, B.L., Hanger, J., Loader, J., Polkinghorne, A., and Timms, P. (2017). Epidemiology of chlamydial infection and disease in a free-ranging koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) population. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0190114"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robbins, A., Hanger, J., Jelocnik, M., Quigley, B.L., and Timms, P. (2020). Koala immunogenetics and chlamydial strain type are more directly involved in chlamydial disease progression in koalas from two south east Queensland koala populations than koala retrovirus subtypes. Sci. Rep., 10.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-72050-2"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robbins, A., Hanger, J., Jelocnik, M., Quigley, B.L., and Timms, P. (2019). Longitudinal study of wild koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) reveals chlamydial disease progression in two thirds of infected animals. Sci. Rep., 9.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-49382-9"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2017.09.001","article-title":"Current trends and future directions in koala chlamydial disease research","volume":"215","author":"Grogan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2625","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00992-13","article-title":"Multilocus sequence analysis provides insights into molecular epidemiology of Chlamydia pecorum infections in Australian sheep, cattle, and koalas","volume":"51","author":"Jelocnik","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(98)00302-2","article-title":"Epizootiology of Chlamydia infections in two free-range koala populations","volume":"65","author":"Jackson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2021.03.016","article-title":"The effect of Chlamydia infection on koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) semen quality","volume":"167","author":"Hulse","year":"2021","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.7589\/2017-07-183","article-title":"Prevalence of Chlamydia pecorum in Juvenile Koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) and Evidence for Protection from Infection via Maternal Immunization","volume":"54","author":"Russell","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15842","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.15842","article-title":"Evaluation of a biosecurity survey approach for contamination by Chlamydia pecorum in koala rehabilitation, field capture, and captive settings","volume":"11","author":"Casteriano","year":"2023","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01244-13","article-title":"Hidden in plain sight: Chlamydial gastrointestinal infection and its relevance to persistence in human genital infection","volume":"82","author":"Rank","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vogelnest, L., and Woods, R. (2008). Koalas. Medicine of Australian Mammals, CSIRO Publishing.","DOI":"10.1071\/9780643097971"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Narayan, E. (2019). Physiological stress levels in wild koala sub-populations facing anthropogenic induced environmental trauma and disease. Sci. Rep., 9.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-42448-8"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.7589\/2015-10-276","article-title":"Chlamydia pecorum Infection in Free-ranging Koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) on French Island, Victoria, Australia","volume":"52","author":"Legione","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Phillips, S., Timms, P., and Jelocnik, M. (2021). Is Chlamydia to Blame for Koala Reproductive Cysts?. Pathogens, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10091140"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.7589\/2019-03-062","article-title":"Epidemiology of Chlamydia-Induced Reproductive Disease in Male Koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) from Southeast Queensland, Australia as Assessed from Penile Urethral Swabs and Semen","volume":"56","author":"Hulse","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.115.25-26.655","article-title":"Chlamydia infection and infertility in the female koala (Phascolarctos cinereus)","volume":"115","author":"McColl","year":"1984","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2021.12.011","article-title":"Investigation of pathology associated with Chlamydia pecorum infection in the male reproductive tract, and the effect on spermatogenesis and semen quality in the koala (Phascolarctos cinereus)","volume":"180","author":"Hulse","year":"2022","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nyari, S., Booth, R., Quigley, B.L., Waugh, C.A., and Timms, P. (2019). Therapeutic effect of a Chlamydia pecorum recombinant major outer membrane protein vaccine on ocular disease in koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus). PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0210245"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.2011.00827.x","article-title":"Using quantitative polymerase chain reaction to correlate Chlamydia pecorum infectious load with ocular, urinary and reproductive tract disease in the koala (Phascolarctos cinereus)","volume":"89","author":"Wan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aust. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985817751218","article-title":"A Review on Chlamydial Diseases in Animals: Still a Challenge for Pathologists?","volume":"55","author":"Borel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2016.07.011","article-title":"Pneumonia due to Chlamydia pecorum in a Koala (Phascolarctos cinereus)","volume":"155","author":"Mackie","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Comp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.06.117","article-title":"New approaches to understanding the immune response to vaccination and infection","volume":"33","author":"Furman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.2009.00776.x","article-title":"A multi-subunit chlamydial vaccine induces antibody and cell-mediated immunity in immunized koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus): Comparison of three different adjuvants","volume":"63","author":"Carey","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-virology-100114-055226","article-title":"Innate and Adaptive Immune Regulation During Chronic Viral Infections","volume":"2","author":"Zuniga","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Virol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quigley, B.L., and Timms, P. (2021). The Koala Immune Response to Chlamydial Infection and Vaccine Development-Advancing Our Immunological Understanding. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11020380"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0153-5","article-title":"Adaptation and conservation insights from the koala genome","volume":"50","author":"Johnson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hobbs, M., Pavasovic, A., King, A.G., Prentis, P.J., Eldridge, M.D., Chen, Z., Colgan, D.J., Polkinghorne, A., Wilkins, M.R., and Flanagan, C. (2014). A transcriptome resource for the koala (Phascolarctos cinereus): Insights into koala retrovirus transcription and sequence diversity. BMC Genom., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-15-786"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.genom.2.1.373","article-title":"The genomics and genetics of human infectious disease susceptibility","volume":"2","author":"Hill","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Genom. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir822","article-title":"Variants in toll-like receptor 1 and 4 genes are associated with Chlamydia trachomatis among women with pelvic inflammatory disease","volume":"205","author":"Taylor","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3286","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.16493","article-title":"A targeted approach to investigating immune genes of an iconic Australian marsupial","volume":"31","author":"Silver","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e443","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.443","article-title":"Identification of MHCII variants associated with chlamydial disease in the koala (Phascolarctos cinereus)","volume":"2","author":"Lau","year":"2014","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s00251-012-0658-5","article-title":"Characterisation of four major histocompatibility complex class II genes of the koala (Phascolarctos cinereus)","volume":"65","author":"Lau","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunogenetics"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quigley, B.L., Carver, S., Hanger, J., Vidgen, M.E., and Timms, P. (2018). The relative contribution of causal factors in the transition from infection to clinical chlamydial disease. Sci. Rep., 8.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-27253-z"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lizarraga, D., Timms, P., Quigley, B.L., Hanger, J., and Carver, S. (2020). Capturing Complex Vaccine-Immune-Disease Relationships for Free-Ranging Koalas: Higher Chlamydial Loads Are Associated With Less IL17 Expression and More Chlamydial Disease. Front. Vet. Sci., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.530686"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maher, I.E., Patterson, J., Curnick, M., Devlin, J., and Higgins, D.P. (2019). Altered immune parameters associated with Koala Retrovirus (KoRV) and Chlamydial infection in free ranging Victorian koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus). Sci. Rep., 9.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-47666-8"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2014.05.015","article-title":"Interleukin 17A is an immune marker for chlamydial disease severity and pathogenesis in the koala (Phascolarctos cinereus)","volume":"46","author":"Mathew","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00714-17","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00714-17","article-title":"Characterization of the In Vitro Chlamydia pecorum Response to Gamma Interferon","volume":"86","author":"Islam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2006.11.022","article-title":"Use of quantitative real-time PCR to monitor the shedding and treatment of chlamydiae in the koala (Phascolarctos cinereus)","volume":"120","author":"Markey","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2023.100652","article-title":"Carriage of antibiotic resistance genes to treatments for chlamydial disease in koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus): A comparison of occurrence before and during catastrophic wildfires","volume":"17","author":"McDougall","year":"2023","journal-title":"One Health"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lawrence, A., Fraser, T., Gillett, A., Tyndall, J.D., Timms, P., Polkinghorne, A., and Huston, W.M. (2016). Chlamydia Serine Protease Inhibitor, targeting HtrA, as a New Treatment for Koala Chlamydia infection. Sci. Rep., 6.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep31466"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2981\/wlb.00627","article-title":"A proposed roadmap for the control of infections in wildlife using Chlamydia vaccine development in koalas Phascolarctos cinereus as a template","volume":"2020","author":"Waugh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Wildl. Biol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kollipara, A., Polkinghorne, A., Beagley, K.W., and Timms, P. (2013). Vaccination of koalas with a recombinant Chlamydia pecorum major outer membrane protein induces antibodies of different specificity compared to those following a natural live infection. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0074808"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.12.050","article-title":"Humoral immune responses in koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) either naturally infected with Chlamydia pecorum or following administration of a recombinant chlamydial major outer membrane protein vaccine","volume":"34","author":"Khan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, S.A., Desclozeaux, M., Waugh, C., Hanger, J., Loader, J., Gerdts, V., Potter, A., Polkinghorne, A., Beagley, K., and Timms, P. (2016). Antibody and Cytokine Responses of Koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) Vaccinated with Recombinant Chlamydial Major Outer Membrane Protein (MOMP) with Two Different Adjuvants. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0156094"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Desclozeaux, M., Robbins, A., Jelocnik, M., Khan, S.A., Hanger, J., Gerdts, V., Potter, A., Polkinghorne, A., and Timms, P. (2017). Immunization of a wild koala population with a recombinant Chlamydia pecorum Major Outer Membrane Protein (MOMP) or Polymorphic Membrane Protein (PMP) based vaccine: New insights into immune response, protection and clearance. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0178786"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2015.07.029","article-title":"Vaccination of koalas with a prototype chlamydial vaccine is safe, does not increase the incidence of lymphoma-related disease and maybe associated with increased lifespan in captive koalas","volume":"33","author":"Brumm","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2013.08.009","article-title":"Genetic diversity of Chlamydia pecorum strains in wild koala locations across Australia and the implications for a recombinant C. pecorum major outer membrane protein based vaccine","volume":"167","author":"Kollipara","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Phillips, S., Quigley, B.L., Olagoke, O., Booth, R., Pyne, M., and Timms, P. (2020). Vaccination of koalas during antibiotic treatment for Chlamydia-induced cystitis induces an improved antibody response to Chlamydia pecorum. Sci. Rep., 10.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-67208-x"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simpson, S.J., Higgins, D.P., Timms, P., Mella, V.S.A., Crowther, M.S., Fernandez, C.M., McArthur, C., Phillips, S., and Krockenberger, M.B. (2023). Efficacy of a synthetic peptide Chlamydia pecorum major outer membrane protein vaccine in a wild koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) population. Sci. Rep., 13.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-42296-7"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Waugh, C., Khan, S.A., Carver, S., Hanger, J., Loader, J., Polkinghorne, A., Beagley, K., and Timms, P. (2016). A Prototype Recombinant-Protein Based Chlamydia pecorum Vaccine Results in Reduced Chlamydial Burden and Less Clinical Disease in Free-Ranging Koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus). PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0146934"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-024-00938-5","article-title":"Immunisation of koalas against Chlamydia pecorum results in significant protection against chlamydial disease and mortality","volume":"9","author":"Phillips","year":"2024","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/14\/18\/2686\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:56:58Z","timestamp":1760111818000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/14\/18\/2686"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,15]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"18","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ani14182686"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani14182686","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,15]]}}}