{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:25:53Z","timestamp":1760145953930,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,21]],"date-time":"2024-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726876800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs","award":["122014-2","122059-2","320005-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["122014-2","122059-2","320005-4"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Duck hepatitis A virus type 1 (DHAV-1) is the main pathogen causing viral hepatitis in ducks, marked by high contagion and acute mortality. Live attenuated DHAV-1 vaccines are widely used to control the disease. This study aims to develop a mismatch amplification mutation assay (MAMA)-PCR for the rapid detection and differentiation of Korean DHAV-1 wild-type strains from vaccine strains. A MAMA primer was designed to target a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) at position 2276 within the VP1 gene, allowing differentiation in a single PCR reaction. The MAMA-PCR accurately identified both strains, with detection limits of 100.5 ELD50\/mL and 102.3 ELD50\/mL, respectively. The MAMA-PCR demonstrated specificity, showing no cross-reactivity with 12 other viral and bacterial pathogens. The MAMA-PCR was applied to 89 farms, yielding results consistent with nested-PCR and sequence determination, identifying four positive farms for DHAV-1 vaccine strains. In conclusion, this study is the first to employ the MAMA-PCR method to distinguish between DHAV-1 wild-type and vaccine strains. The developed method is rapid, simple, specific, and sensitive, thereby serving as an effective tool for clinical diagnostics in identifying and differentiating between Korean DHAV-1 wild-type and vaccine strains.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14182733","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,23]],"date-time":"2024-09-23T04:45:28Z","timestamp":1727066728000},"page":"2733","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Establishment and Application of Mismatch Amplification Mutation Assay-PCR for Rapid Detection and Differentiation of Duck Hepatitis A Virus-1 Attenuated Vaccine and Wild Strains"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1206-5145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheng-Dong","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Avian Disease, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu-Ri","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Avian Disease, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5389-6387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jong-Yeol","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Avian Disease, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sang-Won","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Avian Disease, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Se-Yeoun","family":"Cha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Avian Disease, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hyung-Kwan","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Avian Disease, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Bio Disease Control (BIOD) Co., Ltd., Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Avian Disease, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Bio Disease Control (BIOD) Co., Ltd., Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bai","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine and Center for Avian Disease, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1637\/11229-070515-Review.1","article-title":"Hepatitis virus infections in poultry","volume":"60","author":"Yugo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"WOAH (2024, June 21). 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