{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T21:59:44Z","timestamp":1789595984005,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]],"date-time":"2024-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727395200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Mohaghegh Ardabili University, Ardabil, Iran","award":["1402\/D\/9\/8475"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1402\/D\/9\/8475"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study was conducted to investigate and compare the effects of substituting soybean meal (SBM) with untreated cottonseed meal (CSM), fermented CSM (FCSM), or electron beam-irradiated CSM (ICSM) on the growth performance, cecal microbiota, digestive enzyme activity, apparent ileal digestibility (AID), and excreta gas emission of broiler chickens. A total of 384 one-day-old male broiler chickens were randomly assigned to four experimental diets, with eight replicates per diet and 12 birds per replicate, for six weeks. The experimental diets consisted of a control diet based on corn\u2013SBM and three other diets in which 50% of the SBM (control) was substituted with CSM in its raw, irradiated, and fermented forms. The results showed that throughout the entire rearing period, feeding broiler chickens with ICSM significantly increased average daily gain (ADG) and body weight (BW) compared to the CSM diet (p &lt; 0.05). Replacing 50% of SBM with FCSM led to a significant improvement in BW, ADG, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared to the CSM and ICSM diets (p &lt; 0.05). Interestingly, no significant differences in BW, ADG, or FCR were observed between birds fed FCSM and those on the control diet (p &gt; 0.05). Birds fed FCSM diets exhibited the lowest pH value in the crop, ileum, and ceca. Substituting SBM with FCSM significantly reduced Escherichia coli and Clostridium spp. counts in the ceca, while enhancing the presence of Lactobacillus spp. (p &lt; 0.05). The AID of protein and ether extract was higher in the FCSM group than in the CSM and ICSM groups (p &lt; 0.05). Compared to the CSM diet, ICSM feeding improved protein digestibility (p &lt; 0.05). Broiler chickens on the FCSM diet exhibited higher intestinal amylase and protease activity than those on the other diets (p &lt; 0.05). Furthermore, feeding diets containing FCSM significantly reduced ammonia emissions compared to the other diets (p &lt; 0.05). Overall, our results indicated that microbial fermentation of CSM is a more effective approach than irradiation for enhancing the nutritional value of CSM. Therefore, FCSM is recommended as a viable alternative protein source that can safely replace up to 50% of SBM in broiler chicken diets, particularly during times of fluctuating SBM prices and availability issues.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14192797","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]],"date-time":"2024-09-27T07:49:24Z","timestamp":1727423364000},"page":"2797","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Fermented but Not Irradiated Cottonseed Meal Has the Potential to Partially Substitute Soybean Meal in Broiler Chickens"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4679-876X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amin","family":"Ashayerizadeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71441-65186, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9703-0596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vahid","family":"Jazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agriculture and Food Sustainability, The University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Sharifi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Queensland Innovation and Research Precinct (CQIRP), Institute for Future Farming Systems, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD 4701, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Majid","family":"Toghyani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan 81551-39999, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hossein","family":"Mohebodini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil 56199-11367, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6652-2504","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In Ho","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Biotechnology, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, Choongnam, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9073-9946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eugeni","family":"Roura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2024.03.020","article-title":"Research progress on cottonseed meal as a protein source in pig nutrition: An updated review","volume":"18","author":"Tao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Acar, M.C., T\u00fcrkekul, B., Karahan, \u00d6., \u00d6zkan, S., and Yalcin, S. (2024). Effects of partial replacement of soybean with local alternative sources on growth, blood parameters, welfare, and economic indicators of local and commercial broilers. Animals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14020314"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103702","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.103702","article-title":"Effects of fermented cottonseed meal inclusions on growth performance, serum biochemical parameters and hepatic lipid metabolism of geese during 28\u201370 d of age","volume":"103","author":"Xie","year":"2024","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1080\/00071668.2017.1315051","article-title":"Effects of fermented cottonseed meal on the growth performance, gastrointestinal microflora population and small intestinal morphology in broiler chickens","volume":"58","author":"Jazi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/80.6.762","article-title":"The performance of broiler chicks fed diets containing extruded cottonseed meal supplemented with lysine","volume":"80","author":"Henry","year":"2001","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2456","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pev247","article-title":"Application of low-gossypol cottonseed meal in laying hens\u2019 diet","volume":"94","author":"He","year":"2015","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.2141\/jpsa.44.119","article-title":"Cottonseed meal in poultry diets: A Review","volume":"44","author":"Nagalakshmi","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1007\/s43393-020-00015-7","article-title":"Solid-state fermentation technology and innovation for the production of agricultural and animal feed bioproducts","volume":"1","author":"Vandenberghe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Syst. Microbiol. Biomanuf."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radphyschem.2023.111124","article-title":"Effect of irradiation treatment on microbial, nutritional and technological characteristics of cereals: A comprehensive review","volume":"212","author":"Nasab","year":"2023","journal-title":"Radiat. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2023.102629","article-title":"Effects of fermented feed on growth performance, immune organ indices, serum biochemical parameters, cecal odorous compound production, and the microbiota community in broilers","volume":"102","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, J., Gao, T., Hao, Z., Guo, X., and Zhu, B. (2022). Anaerobic solid-state fermentation with Bacillus subtilis for digesting free gossypol and improving nutritional quality in cottonseed meal. Front. Nutr., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.1017637"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2113","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pey071","article-title":"Fermented soybean meal exhibits probiotic properties when included in Japanese quail diet in replacement of soybean meal","volume":"97","author":"Jazi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.2011.11381","article-title":"Effects of replacement of soybean meal by fermented cottonseed meal on growth performance, serum biochemical parameters and immune function of yellow-feathered broilers","volume":"25","author":"Tang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.103574","article-title":"An investigation into the influence of fermented cottonseed meal on the productive performance, egg quality, and gut health in laying hens","volume":"103","author":"Ashayerizadeh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111046","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radphyschem.2023.111046","article-title":"Changes in performance and apparent ileal digestibility of broiler chickens fed diets containing electron-irradiated full-fat canola seed","volume":"210","author":"Hamadi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Radiat. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1111\/asj.12784","article-title":"Effect of radiation on chemical composition and protein quality of cottonseed meal","volume":"88","author":"Bahraini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anim. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.12418","article-title":"Nutritional Value of electron beam irradiated cottonseed meal in broiler chickens","volume":"100","author":"Nayefi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"592","article-title":"The effect of autoclave processing and gamma irradiation on apparent ileal digestibility in broiler breeders of amino acids from canola meal","volume":"4","author":"Chamani","year":"2009","journal-title":"Afr. J. Agric. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"(2013). Standard Guide for Dosimetry of Electron Beams (Standard No. ISO\/ASTM 51650:2013)."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"AOAC International (2006). Official Methods of Analysis; In Association of Official Analytical Chemists, AOAC Int.. [18th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"AOCS International (2009). Official Methods and Recommended Practices of the American Oil Chemists Society, AOCS International. [6th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1021\/ac60139a006","article-title":"Automatic recording apparatus for use in chromatography of amino acids","volume":"30","author":"Spackman","year":"1958","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)71178-2","article-title":"A modified ninhydrin reagent for the photometric determination of amino acids and related compounds","volume":"211","author":"Moore","year":"1954","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"811","article-title":"Sample preparation for chromatography of amino acids: Acid hydrolysis of proteins","volume":"68","author":"Gehrke","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Janssen, W.M.M.A., and Schagen, P.V. (1987). European Table of Energy Values for Poultry Feedstuffs, Spelderholt Center for Poultry Research and Information Services. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/6.1.23","article-title":"Modifications of two methods for the assay of amylase","volume":"6","author":"Somogyi","year":"1960","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-8981(66)90215-4","article-title":"A specific method for serum lipase determination","volume":"13","author":"Tietz","year":"1966","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)52451-6","article-title":"Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent","volume":"193","author":"Lowry","year":"1951","journal-title":"J. Boil. Chem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1079\/ASC42240085","article-title":"Apparent ileal digestibility of amino acids in dietary ingredients for broiler chickens","volume":"81","author":"Ravindran","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.4141\/cjas79-081","article-title":"An improved procedure for the determination of chromic oxide in feed and feces","volume":"59","author":"Fenton","year":"1979","journal-title":"Can. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1963","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2013-03718","article-title":"Effects of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens as a probiotic strain on growth performance, cecal microflora, and fecal noxious gas emissions of broiler chickens","volume":"93","author":"Ahmed","year":"2014","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102742","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2023.102742","article-title":"Influence of solid state fermentation with Bacillus subtilis 67 strain on the nutritional value of rapeseed meal and its effects on performance and meat quality of broiler chickens","volume":"102","author":"Konkol","year":"2013","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5648","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pez338","article-title":"Fermented soybean meal ameliorates Salmonella Typhimurium infection in young broiler chickens","volume":"98","author":"Jazi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2016.03.019","article-title":"Effect of feeding different levels of palm kernel cake fermented by Paenibacillus polymyxa ATCC 842 on nutrient digestibility, intestinal morphology, and gut microflora in broiler chickens","volume":"216","author":"Alshelmani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2019.05.005","article-title":"Solid-state fermented plant protein sources in the diets of broiler chickens: A review","volume":"5","author":"Olukomaiya","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6797","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pez409","article-title":"Jazi. V. Synergistic effects of fermented soybean meal and mannan-oligosaccharide on growth performance, digestive functions, and hepatic gene expression in broiler chickens","volume":"98","author":"Soumeh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"153","article-title":"Effects of irradiated flaxseed on performance, carcass characteristics, blood parameters, and nutrient digestibility in broiler chickens","volume":"2","author":"Moghadam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Poult. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.13323","article-title":"Effect of dietary supplementation of whey powder and Bacillus subtilis on growth performance, gut and hepatic function, and muscle antioxidant capacity of Japanese quail","volume":"104","author":"Jazi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.2010.90145","article-title":"Effects of feeding solid-state fermented rapeseed meal on performance, nutrient digestibility, intestinal ecology and intestinal morphology of broiler chickens","volume":"23","author":"Chiang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1080\/00071660902736722","article-title":"Fermented feed for laying hens: Effects on egg production, egg quality, plumage condition and composition and activity of the intestinal microflora","volume":"50","author":"Engberg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2018.11.001","article-title":"Recent advances in fermented feeds towards improved broiler chicken performance, gastrointestinal tract microecology and immune responses: A review","volume":"5","author":"Sugiharto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"1758","article-title":"Potential of bacterial fermentation as a biosafe method of improving feeds for pigs and poultry","volume":"8","author":"Niba","year":"2009","journal-title":"Afr. J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-023-03476-9","article-title":"Growth performance, nutrient digestibility, antioxidant state, ileal histomorphometry, and cecal ecology of broilers fed on fermented canola meal with and without exogenous enzymes","volume":"55","author":"Elbaz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2021.101585","article-title":"Effects of dietary Bacillus amyloliquefaciens CECT 5940 supplementation on growth performance, antioxidant status, immunity, and digestive enzyme activity of broilers fed corn-wheat-soybean meal diets","volume":"101","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.13593","article-title":"The effect of fermented and raw rapeseed meal on the growth performance, immune status and intestinal morphology of broiler chickens","volume":"106","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1080\/09540105.2015.1079592","article-title":"Effects of fermented rapeseed meal on antioxidant functions, serum biochemical parameters and intestinal morphology in broilers","volume":"27","author":"Hu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food. Agric. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-012-0322-y","article-title":"Effects of dietary inclusion of fermented cottonseed meal on growth, cecal microbial population, small intestinal morphology, and digestive enzyme activity of broilers","volume":"45","author":"Sun","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2021.101493","article-title":"Use of fumaric acid as a feed additive in quail\u2019s nutrition: Its effect on growth rate, carcass, nutrient digestibility, digestive enzymes, blood metabolites, and intestinal microbiota","volume":"100","author":"Reda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4909","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pez244","article-title":"Inclusion of fish waste silage in broiler diets affects gut microflora, cecal short-chain fatty acids, digestive enzyme activity, nutrient digestibility, and excreta gas emission","volume":"98","author":"Shabani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdel-Raheem, S.M., Mohammed, E.S.Y., Mahmoud, R.E., El Gamal, M.F., Nada, H.S., El-Ghareeb, W.R., and Kishawy, A.T. (2023). Double-fermented soybean meal totally replaces soybean meal in broiler rations with favorable impact on performance, digestibility, amino acids transporters and meat nutritional value. Animals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13061030"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3293","DOI":"10.4081\/ijas.2014.3293","article-title":"Effect of solid state fermentation on nutrient content and ileal amino acids digestibility of canola meal in broiler chickens","volume":"13","author":"Ahmed","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ital. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ibrahim, D., El-Sayed, H.I., Mahmoud, E.R., El-Rahman, G.I., Bazeed, S.M., Abdelwarith, A.A., Elgamal, A., Khalil, S.S., Younis, E.M., and Kishawy, A.T. (2023). Impacts of solid-state fermented barley with fibrolytic exogenous enzymes on feed utilization, and antioxidant status of broiler chickens. Vet. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci10100594"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2024.103444","article-title":"Effects of dietary supplementation of postbiotic derived from Bacillus subtilis ACCC 11025 on growth performance, meat yield, meat quality, excreta bacteria, and excreta ammonia emission of broiler chicks","volume":"103","author":"Fang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"skae133","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skae133","article-title":"Effects of dietary multienzymes on the growth performance, digestive enzyme activity, nutrient digestibility, excreta noxious gas emission, and nutrient transporter gene expression in white feather broilers","volume":"102","author":"Yi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/14\/19\/2797\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:05:04Z","timestamp":1760112304000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/14\/19\/2797"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ani14192797"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani14192797","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,27]]}}}