{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T02:23:35Z","timestamp":1788143015723,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":126,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]],"date-time":"2024-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727740800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Winifred Violet Scott Trust, Body Shop Woden Plaza, Australian Geographic Society, Holsworth Wildlife Research Endowment, Caring For Our Country Community Action Grant","award":["CAG 11-00128"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAG 11-00128"]}]},{"name":"Winifred Violet Scott Trust, Body Shop Woden Plaza, Australian Geographic Society, Holsworth Wildlife Research Endowment, Caring For Our Country Community Action Grant","award":["C217-12"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C217-12"]}]},{"name":"Winifred Violet Scott Trust, Body Shop Woden Plaza, Australian Geographic Society, Holsworth Wildlife Research Endowment, Caring For Our Country Community Action Grant","award":["OPA4188"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPA4188"]}]},{"name":"Central North Field Naturalists","award":["CAG 11-00128"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAG 11-00128"]}]},{"name":"Central North Field Naturalists","award":["C217-12"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C217-12"]}]},{"name":"Central North Field Naturalists","award":["OPA4188"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPA4188"]}]},{"name":"Cradle Coast Natural Resource Management, Tasmanian Alkaloids and the Forestry Practices Authority and in NSW by Charles Sturt University Competitive Grant","award":["CAG 11-00128"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAG 11-00128"]}]},{"name":"Cradle Coast Natural Resource Management, Tasmanian Alkaloids and the Forestry Practices Authority and in NSW by Charles Sturt University Competitive Grant","award":["C217-12"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C217-12"]}]},{"name":"Cradle Coast Natural Resource Management, Tasmanian Alkaloids and the Forestry Practices Authority and in NSW by Charles Sturt University Competitive Grant","award":["OPA4188"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPA4188"]}]},{"name":"Taronga Foundation, Wildlife Disease Association (Australasian Section)","award":["CAG 11-00128"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAG 11-00128"]}]},{"name":"Taronga Foundation, Wildlife Disease Association (Australasian Section)","award":["C217-12"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C217-12"]}]},{"name":"Taronga Foundation, Wildlife Disease Association (Australasian Section)","award":["OPA4188"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPA4188"]}]},{"name":"Anne Martin Memorial Platypus Research Grant","award":["CAG 11-00128"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAG 11-00128"]}]},{"name":"Anne Martin Memorial Platypus Research Grant","award":["C217-12"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C217-12"]}]},{"name":"Anne Martin Memorial Platypus Research Grant","award":["OPA4188"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPA4188"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) is an amphibious, egg-laying mammal of high conservation value that is found only in Australia. The zoonotic bacterium Leptospira interrogans serovar Hardjo was discovered in platypuses in prior studies, but little is known about its epidemiology. Samples in the Platypus Serum Bank were tested in 2023 and the results were combined with historical records. Antibodies against L. interrogans serovar Hardjo were found in 50% of 464 serum samples from 411 platypuses collected from 14 river basins in southeastern Australia between 1981 and 2012; prevalence remained high over three decades in the Shoalhaven River population. Seroprevalence increased with age, suggesting environmental exposure. Individual platypuses had persistent titres, some for six years. Seropositive females lactated, juveniles were recruited into the population, and there were no reports of clinical leptospirosis. Three necropsied platypuses were seropositive and had mild nephritis with leptospires in the renal tubules. The high seroprevalence, persistent titres, lack of disease, mild renal lesions, and renal colonisation suggest the platypus may be a maintenance host. Sympatric cattle had L. interrogans serovar Hardjo titres, but the spatial association with seropositive platypuses was statistically weak. Other mammalian wildlife species and sheep also have L. interrogans serovar Hardjo titres; therefore, a complex ecological network must be considered. A landscape-wide study is recommended to properly assess transmission pathways and confirm who is infecting whom.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14192834","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]],"date-time":"2024-10-01T11:08:47Z","timestamp":1727780927000},"page":"2834","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Leptospirosis in the Platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) in Australia: Who Is Infecting Whom?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3982-611X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard J.","family":"Whittington","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4153-8905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas R.","family":"Grant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1416-5677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jarrad","family":"McKercher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for People, Place and Planet, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Suann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Woodbridge Road, Menangle, NSW 2568, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keith","family":"Hart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pastures Protection Board Braidwood, Braidwood, NSW 2622, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-1886-7258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kathrine A.","family":"Handasyde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Macgregor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UVC Wild, Ulverstone Veterinary Clinic, Ulverstone, TAS 7315, Australia"},{"name":"Conservation Medicine Program, School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7400-1960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark E.","family":"Westman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia"},{"name":"Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Woodbridge Road, Menangle, NSW 2568, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8797-1007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanne H.","family":"Connolly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Locked Bag 588, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Wilson, D., and Mittermeier, R. 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