{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]],"date-time":"2025-11-10T13:59:51Z","timestamp":1762783191131,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,8]],"date-time":"2024-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728345600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"APC credit fund of the University of Milan"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Paraoxonase-1 (PON-1), a liver-synthesized enzyme, acts as a negative acute-phase reactant during systemic inflammation in dogs. Given the hepatic synthesis of this enzyme, the presence of liver diseases may influence PON-1, thus affecting its reliability as a biomarker for inflammatory\/oxidative systemic diseases. The aim of this study is to investigate PON-1 activity variations among dogs suspected of liver injury or failure, evaluating the influence of hepatic diseases on PON-1 activity. A total of one-hundred-sixty dogs were retrospectively enrolled and categorized into three groups based on clinical presentation and laboratory results: control (C = 20), suspected liver injury (INJ = 114), and suspected liver failure (FAIL = 26). The INJ group was further divided into subgroups based on the severity of the alanine aminotransferase (ALT) increase. Both the INJ and FAIL groups were further divided based on serum macroscopic appearance. The PON-1 activity was quantified using a paraoxon-based method, which is already validated in dogs. No significant difference in PON-1 activity was observed between the C and INJ groups, despite a significant increase in the subgroups with moderate and severe elevations of ALT. The dogs with icteric serum exhibited decreased PON-1 activity, while lipemic serum was associated with an increased PON-1 activity. A significant reduction in PON-1 activity was noted in the FAIL group, compared to both C and INJ groups (p &lt; 0.0001), regardless of serum appearance. Given the retrospective nature of this study, additional evaluations (e.g., histopathology, imaging) were not performed. The results obtained here suggest the importance of interpreting PON-1 activity cautiously in dogs with suspected liver disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14192886","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,8]],"date-time":"2024-10-08T04:29:26Z","timestamp":1728361766000},"page":"2886","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Exploring the Relationship between Canine Paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) Serum Activity and Liver Disease Classified by Clinico-Pathological Evaluation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8157-7973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Meazzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy"},{"name":"I-VET Laboratory, Via E. Majorana 10, 25020 Flero, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1411-3164","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabiha Zarin Tasnim","family":"Bristi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Virginia","family":"Bianchini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2316-1929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paola","family":"Scarpa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8611-8944","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessia","family":"Giordano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of Milan, Via dell\u2019Universit\u00e0 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2015.04.088","article-title":"Human paraoxonase-1 (PON1): Gene structure and expression, promiscuous activities and multiple physiological roles","volume":"567","author":"Mackness","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2016.05.036","article-title":"Paraoxonases-1, -2 and -3: What are their functions?","volume":"259 Pt B","author":"Furlong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M200432-JLR200","article-title":"Serum paraoxonase: Effect of the apolipoprotein composition of HDL and the acute phase response","volume":"44","author":"Cabana","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(91)80962-3","article-title":"Paraoxonase prevents accumulation of lipoperoxides in low-density lipoprotein","volume":"286","author":"Mackness","year":"1991","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI1649","article-title":"Paraoxonase inhibits high-density lipoprotein oxidation and preserves its functions: A possible peroxidative role for paraoxonase","volume":"101","author":"Aviram","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9150(98)00084-7","article-title":"Paraoxonase activity in the serum and hepatic mRNA levels decrease during the acute phase response","volume":"139","author":"Feingold","year":"1998","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.01.034","article-title":"Serum paraoxonase-1 activity in neonatal calves: Age related variations and comparison between healthy and sick animals","volume":"197","author":"Giordano","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.10.007","article-title":"Paraoxonase activity as a tool for clinical monitoring of dogs treated for canine leishmaniasis","volume":"199","author":"Rossi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2014.12.002","article-title":"Serum paraoxonase type-1 activity in pigs: Assay validation and evolution after an induced experimental inflammation","volume":"163","author":"Escribano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638720949638","article-title":"Serum paraoxonase 1 activity in cats: Analytical validation, reference intervals, and correlation with serum amyloid A and alpha-1-acid glycoprotein","volume":"32","author":"Rossi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2021.03.019","article-title":"Paraoxonase (PON)-1 activity in septic neonates: One more arrow in the quiver of biomarkers of neonatal sepsis?","volume":"93","author":"Bourika","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1515\/pjvs-2016-0028","article-title":"A review of paraoxonase 1 properties and diagnostic applications","volume":"19","author":"Kulka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pol. J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2014.07.010","article-title":"Relationship between paraoxonase 1 activity and high density lipoprotein concentration during naturally occurring babesiosis in dogs","volume":"97","author":"Rossi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1111\/vcp.12413","article-title":"Laboratory tests for diagnosing and monitoring canine leishmaniasis","volume":"45","author":"Paltrinieri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12250","article-title":"Inflammatory and oxidative biomarkers of disease severity in dogs with parvoviral enteritis","volume":"56","author":"Kocaturk","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.05.016","article-title":"Acute phase response in dogs with Dirofilaria immitis","volume":"204","author":"Tvarijonaviciute","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.12297","article-title":"Serum paraoxonase 1 (PON1) activity in acute pancreatitis of dogs","volume":"56","author":"Tvarijonaviciute","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"723","article-title":"Serum paraoxonase 1 activity and lipid metabolism parameter changes in Dachshunds with chronic mitral valve disease. Assessment of its diagnostic usefulness","volume":"20","author":"Kulka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pol. J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"E1","article-title":"C-reactive protein, paraoxonase-1 and \u03b11-acid glycoprotein measurement in dogs with b- or t-cell lymphoma at different clinical stages","volume":"44","author":"Giordano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1111\/vec.12304","article-title":"Acute liver failure in dogs and cats","volume":"25","author":"Weingarten","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Vet. Emerg. Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15467","article-title":"ACVIM consensus statement on the diagnosis and treatment of chronic hepatitis in dogs","volume":"33","author":"Webster","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2016.11.005","article-title":"Laboratory Evaluation of the Liver","volume":"47","author":"Lawrence","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am.\u2014Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Stockham, S.L., and Scott, M.A. (2008). Liver function. Fundamentals of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Blackwell Publishing."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"BC12","article-title":"Serum basal paraoxonase 1 activity as an additional liver function test for the evaluation of patients with chronic hepatitis","volume":"9","author":"Pyati","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Diagn. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1111\/vcp.12073","article-title":"Serum paraoxonase 1 activity in dogs: Preanalytical and analytical factors and correlation with C-reactive protein and alpha-2-globulin","volume":"42","author":"Rossi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2016.01.007","article-title":"Acute phase protein and antioxidant responses in dogs with experimental acute monocytic ehrlichiosis treated with rifampicin","volume":"184","author":"Karnezi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2020.109140","article-title":"Evidence of acute phase reaction in asymptomatic dogs naturally infected with Babesia canis","volume":"282","author":"Spariosu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2021.105661","article-title":"Role of paraoxonase-1 as a diagnostic marker for feline infectious peritonitis","volume":"272","author":"Meazzi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rammal, D., Koutinas, C.K., Athanasiou, L.V., Tangalidi, M., Rubio, C.P., Cer\u00f3n, J.J., Tamvakis, A., Patsikas, M.N., and Polizopoulou, Z.S. (2023). Association of Paraoxonase-1 and NT-proBNP with Clinical, Clinico-Pathologic and Echocardiographic Variables in Dogs with Mitral Valve Disease. Vet. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci10010033"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2009.06.007","article-title":"Oxidant and antioxidant of arylesterase and paraoxonase as biomarkers in patients with hepatitis C virus","volume":"42","author":"Ali","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.4103\/1319-3767.61232","article-title":"Serum paraoxonase 1 activity status in patients with liver disorders","volume":"16","author":"Kedage","year":"2010","journal-title":"Saudi J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(98)00272-X","article-title":"Human serum paraoxonase (PON 1) is inactivated by oxidized low density lipoprotein and preserved by antioxidants","volume":"26","author":"Aviram","year":"1999","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.12.018","article-title":"Paraoxonase-1 is associated with oxidative stress, fibrosis and FAS expression in chronic liver diseases","volume":"45","author":"Marsillach","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4301","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M107440200","article-title":"Enzymatically active paraoxonase-1 is located at the external membrane of producing cells and released by a high affinity, saturable, desorption mechanism","volume":"277","author":"Deakin","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1053\/meta.2001.25589","article-title":"Hepatic paraoxonase activity alterations and free radical production in rats with experimental cirrhosis","volume":"50","author":"Camps","year":"2001","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/48.2.261","article-title":"Serum paraoxonase activity: A new additional test for the improved evaluation of chronic liver damage","volume":"48","author":"Camps","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-1241.2006.01206..x","article-title":"Serum paraoxonase and arylesterase activities for the evaluation of patients with chronic hepatitis","volume":"62","author":"Aslan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pract."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/14\/19\/2886\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:08:55Z","timestamp":1760112535000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/14\/19\/2886"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,8]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ani14192886"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani14192886","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2076-2615"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,8]]}}}