{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T14:42:18Z","timestamp":1787755338686,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]],"date-time":"2024-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728432000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Special Fund for Rural Revitalization Strategy of Guangdong","award":["2023TS-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023TS-3"]}]},{"name":"Special Fund for Rural Revitalization Strategy of Guangdong","award":["2023KJ465"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023KJ465"]}]},{"name":"Special Fund for Rural Revitalization Strategy of Guangdong","award":["XTXM202204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XTXM202204"]}]},{"name":"Special Fund for Rural Revitalization Strategy of Guangdong","award":["2023QZ-NK09"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023QZ-NK09"]}]},{"name":"Special Fund for Rural Revitalization Strategy of Guangdong","award":["ZQQZ-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZQQZ-03"]}]},{"name":"Special Fund for Rural Revitalization Strategy of Guangdong","award":["200731114530834"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["200731114530834"]}]},{"name":"Low Carbon Agriculture and Carbon Neutralization Research Center, GDAAS","award":["2023TS-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023TS-3"]}]},{"name":"Low Carbon Agriculture and Carbon Neutralization Research Center, GDAAS","award":["2023KJ465"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023KJ465"]}]},{"name":"Low Carbon Agriculture and Carbon Neutralization Research Center, GDAAS","award":["XTXM202204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XTXM202204"]}]},{"name":"Low Carbon Agriculture and Carbon Neutralization Research Center, GDAAS","award":["2023QZ-NK09"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023QZ-NK09"]}]},{"name":"Low Carbon Agriculture and Carbon Neutralization Research Center, GDAAS","award":["ZQQZ-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZQQZ-03"]}]},{"name":"Low Carbon Agriculture and Carbon Neutralization Research Center, GDAAS","award":["200731114530834"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["200731114530834"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry","award":["2023TS-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023TS-3"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry","award":["2023KJ465"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023KJ465"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry","award":["XTXM202204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XTXM202204"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry","award":["2023QZ-NK09"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023QZ-NK09"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry","award":["ZQQZ-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZQQZ-03"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry","award":["200731114530834"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["200731114530834"]}]},{"name":"Shaoguan Science and Technology Project","award":["2023TS-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023TS-3"]}]},{"name":"Shaoguan Science and Technology Project","award":["2023KJ465"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023KJ465"]}]},{"name":"Shaoguan Science and Technology Project","award":["XTXM202204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XTXM202204"]}]},{"name":"Shaoguan Science and Technology Project","award":["2023QZ-NK09"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023QZ-NK09"]}]},{"name":"Shaoguan Science and Technology Project","award":["ZQQZ-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZQQZ-03"]}]},{"name":"Shaoguan Science and Technology Project","award":["200731114530834"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["200731114530834"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study was conducted to investigate the effects of supplementing fermented mulberry leaves (FML) on intestinal morphology, antioxidant capacity, and immune function in the gut of finishing pigs. Eighteen 132-day-old healthy crossbred (Duroc \u00d7 Landrace \u00d7 Yorkshire) male castrated pigs were randomly divided into two treatment groups with nine replicates per group. The control (CON) group was fed the basal diet, and the FML group was fed the basal diet supplemented with 10% FML. The experiment lasted 69 days. The results showed that 10% FML improved gut health. The apparent total tract digestibility in dry matter, crude protein, crude fiber, neutral detergent fiber, acidic detergent fiber, ether extract, and crude ash increased in the 10% FML group of finishing pigs compared to the CON group (p &lt; 0.05). Duodenal, jejunal, and ileal intestinal morphology, such as villus height and villus-height-to-crypt-depth ratio, increased in the 10% FML group compared to the CON group, whereas crypt depth decreased in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum (p &lt; 0.05). Total antioxidant capacity increased in the ileum of the 10% FML group compared with the CON group (p &lt; 0.05). The FML supplementation improved the contents of duodenal immunoglobulin A, jejunal interleukin-1\u03b2, interleukin-8, ileal interleukin-1\u03b2, interleukin-6, interferon-\u03b3, and immunoglobulins A and M compared to the control group (p &lt; 0.05). Moreover, FML downregulated the mRNA expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 in the duodenum, Toll-like receptor 4, nuclear factor-\u03ba B-P65, and myeloid differentiation factor 88 in the jejunum, and Toll-like receptor 4 and nuclear factor-\u03ba B-P65 in the ileum (p &lt; 0.05). The FML also upregulated Montrose uniting church 1 in the duodenum and claudin 2 in the ileum (p &lt; 0.05). In conclusion, dietary supplementation with 10% FML improved the gut health of finishing pigs and FML is a potential feed ingredient for pig breeding.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14192911","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]],"date-time":"2024-10-09T07:39:52Z","timestamp":1728459592000},"page":"2911","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Effect of Fermented Mulberry Leaves on Gut Health of Finishing Pigs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5148-0847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Su","family":"Peng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Guangzhou 510640, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou 510640, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8498-2627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yiyan","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Guangzhou 510640, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou 510640, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miao","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Guangzhou 510640, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou 510640, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Guangzhou 510640, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou 510640, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhimei","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Guangzhou 510640, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou 510640, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2411-8359","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dun","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Guangzhou 510640, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou 510640, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhichang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Guangzhou 510640, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou 510640, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianyong","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, Guangzhou 510640, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou 510640, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Guangzhou 510640, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ding, Y., Jiang, X., Yao, X., Zhang, H., Song, Z., He, X., and Cao, R. (2021). Effects of feeding fermented mulberry leaf powder on growth performance, slaughter performance, and meat quality in chicken broilers. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11113294"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"173","article-title":"The effectivity of fermented mulberry leaves with rumen liquor as broiler feed on final body weight, dry matter and crude fiber digestibility, and metabolic energy","volume":"15","author":"Has","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Anim. Prod."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/S2095-3119(18)62072-6","article-title":"Effect of dietary supplementation with mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaves on the growth performance, meat quality and antioxidative capacity of finishing pigs","volume":"18","author":"Zeng","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Integr. Agric."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2021.131335","article-title":"Phytochemistry, bioactivities and future prospects of mulberry leaves: A review","volume":"372","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2019.06.008","article-title":"Bioaccessibility and transformation pathways of phenolic compounds in processed mulberry (Morus alba L.) Leaves after in vitro gastrointestinal digestion and fecal fermentation","volume":"60","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Funct. Food."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2020.08.005","article-title":"Mulberry leaf powder regulates antioxidative capacity and lipid metabolism in finishing pigs","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, X., Yang, R., Bi, Y., Bilal, M., Kuang, Z., Iqbal, H.M.N., and Luo, Q. (2019). Effects of dietary supplementation with mulberry (Morus alba L.) Leaf polysaccharides on immune parameters of weanling pigs. Animals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10010035"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.13450","article-title":"Dietary supplementation with moringa oleifera and mulberry leaf affects pork quality from finishing pigs","volume":"105","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hassan, F., Arshad, M.A., Li, M., Rehman, M.S., Loor, J.J., and Huang, J. (2020). Potential of mulberry leaf biomass and its flavonoids to improve production and health in ruminants: Mechanistic insights and prospects. Animals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10112076"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1424","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/72.6.1424","article-title":"Bitter taste, phytonutrients, and the consumer: A review","volume":"72","author":"Drewnowski","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.9734\/cjast\/2020\/v39i3731086","article-title":"Effect of processing and fermentation on functional properties and on anti-nutritional factors in horse gram (macrotyloma uniflorum)","volume":"39","author":"Sarvani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. J. Appl. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.51791\/njap.v31i1.1433","article-title":"Protein quality of autoclaved cowpea varieties as influenced by anti-nutritional factors","volume":"31","author":"Oke","year":"2004","journal-title":"Niger. J. Anim. Prod."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9975(02)00168-8","article-title":"Intoxication of sheep with quebracho tannin extract","volume":"129","author":"Almar","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Comp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"6110","article-title":"Optimization of technology and evaluation of nutritional value on fermented mulberry leaves","volume":"34","author":"Cui","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1904","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.13439","article-title":"Morus nigra L. Leaves improve the meat quality in finishing pigs","volume":"104","author":"Fan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Yin, C., Schroyen, M., Everaert, N., Ma, T., and Zhang, H. (2021). Effects of the inclusion of fermented mulberry leaves and branches in the gestational diet on the performance and gut microbiota of sows and their offspring. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9030604"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2018.04.002","article-title":"The intestinal epithelium: Central coordinator of mucosal immunity","volume":"39","author":"Allaire","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4203","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-016-2289-8","article-title":"Cytokine responses and epithelial function in the intestinal mucosa","volume":"73","author":"Onyiah","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"5620","article-title":"Effects of fermented mulberry leaves on growth performance plasma and urine metabolites of finishing pigs","volume":"34","author":"Cui","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"5519","article-title":"Effects of different starch type diets on nutrient apparent digestibility, serum biochemical indices, colonic mucosal immune and microorganism of finishing pigs","volume":"33","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chinese J. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cui, Y., Li, J., Deng, D., Lu, H., Tian, Z., Liu, Z., and Ma, X. (2021). Solid-state fermentation by Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma koningi improves the quality of tea dregs for use as feed additives. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0260045"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"(2009). Animal Feeding Stuffs-Determination of Ash Insoluble in Hydrochloric Acid. General Administration of Quality Supervision (Standard No. GB\/T 23742-2009)."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"skz395","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skz395","article-title":"Hermetia illucens larvae as a fishmeal replacement alters intestinal specific bacterial populations and immune homeostasis in weanling piglets","volume":"98","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-017-2451-0","article-title":"Increases in circulating amino acids with in-feed antibiotics correlated with gene expression of intestinal amino acid transporters in piglets","volume":"49","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2012.03.020","article-title":"Effect of mulberry leaf pellet (MUP) supplementation on rumen fermentation and nutrient digestibility in beef cattle fed on rice straw-based diets","volume":"175","author":"Huyen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2015.12.008","article-title":"Effects of mulberry leaf flavonoid and resveratrol on methane emission and nutrient digestion in sheep","volume":"1","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2613","DOI":"10.1111\/are.14639","article-title":"Effects of dietary mulberry leaf extract on the growth, gastrointestinal, hepatic functions of Chinese giant salamander (Andrias davidianus)","volume":"51","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aquac. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, L., Qu, H., Bai, S., Yan, L., and Gao, F. (2020). Effect of wet sea buckthorn pomace utilized as an additive on silage fermentation profile and bacterial community composition of alfalfa. Bioresour. Technol., 314.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2020.123773"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.1311","article-title":"Changes of bioactive compounds in barley industry by-products during submerged and solid state fermentation with antimicrobial Pediococcus acidilactici strain LUHS29","volume":"8","author":"Bartkiene","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/55.1.299s","article-title":"Physiology and pathophysiology of intestinal absorption","volume":"55","author":"Caspary","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3543","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2016.1180501","article-title":"The behavior of dietary fiber in the gastrointestinal tract determines its physiological effect","volume":"57","author":"Capuano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.12254","article-title":"Mulberry leaf extract improves intestinal barrier function and displays beneficial effects on colonic microbiota and microbial metabolism in weaned piglets","volume":"103","author":"Song","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6098","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2017-13957","article-title":"The influence of mulberry leaf flavonoids and candida tropicalis on antioxidant function and gastrointestinal development of preweaning calves challenged with Escherichia coli o141: k99","volume":"101","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2018.01.007","article-title":"Non-antibiotic feed additives in diets for pigs: A review","volume":"4","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.110.010132","article-title":"Energy-balance studies reveal associations between gut microbes, caloric load, and nutrient absorption in humans","volume":"94","author":"Reiner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/0891-5849(92)90059-P","article-title":"Routes of formation and toxic consequences of lipid oxidation products in foods","volume":"12","author":"Kubow","year":"1992","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(01)00718-3","article-title":"The stomach as a bioreactor: Dietary lipid peroxidation in the gastric fluid and the effects of plant-derived antioxidants","volume":"31","author":"Kanner","year":"2001","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4240","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pey407","article-title":"From oxidative stress to inflammation: Redox balance and immune system","volume":"98","author":"Charlotte","year":"2019","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6957","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(20)89596-9","article-title":"Assay of metabolic superoxide production in Escherichia coli","volume":"266","author":"Imlay","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"419","article-title":"Relevance, measurement and assessment of the antioxidative status in farm animals","volume":"124","author":"Locher","year":"2011","journal-title":"Berl. Munch. Tierarztl. Wochenschr."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1111\/asj.12626","article-title":"Effects of cysteamine supplementation on the intestinal expression of amino acid and peptide transporters and intestinal health in finishing pigs","volume":"88","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anim. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1080\/00071668.2018.1535166","article-title":"Effect of fermented ginkgo biloba leaves on nutrient utilisation, intestinal digestive function and antioxidant capacity in broilers","volume":"60","author":"Niu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.curtheres.2007.02.002","article-title":"The effects of exogenous L-carnitine on lipid peroxidation and tissue damage in an experimental warm hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury model","volume":"68","author":"Canbaz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Ther. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2010.07.022","article-title":"Malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein carbonyl (PCO) levels as biomarkers of oxidative stress in subjects with familial hypercholesterolemia","volume":"43","author":"Pirinccioglu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maqsood, M., Anam Saeed, R., Sahar, A., and Khan, M.I. (2022). Mulberry plant as a source of functional food with therapeutic and nutritional applications: A review. J. Food Biochem., 46.","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.14263"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pew350","article-title":"Effects of mulberry leaves on production performance and the potential modulation of antioxidative status in laying hens","volume":"96","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, B.Y., Koo, B.S., and Kim, S.Y. (2021). Pharmacological activities for Morus alba L., Focusing on the immunostimulatory property from the fruit aqueous extract. Foods, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10081966"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2019.01.029","article-title":"TNF-\u03b1 disrupts the integrity of the porcine respiratory epithelial barrier","volume":"124","author":"Bercier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2018.10.002","article-title":"Pro-inflammatory cytokines: The link between obesity and osteoarthritis","volume":"44","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2018.01.036","article-title":"Interleukin-8 favors pro-inflammatory activity of human monocytes\/macrophages","volume":"56","author":"Meniailo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, M., Li, Z., Chen, W., Rong, T., Wang, G., and Ma, X. (2019). Hermetia illucens larvae as a potential dietary protein source altered the microbiota and modulated mucosal immune status in the colon of finishing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol., 10.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-019-0358-1"},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"223","article-title":"Th1\/Th2 balance: The hypothesis, its limitations, and implications for health and disease","volume":"8","author":"Kidd","year":"2003","journal-title":"Altern. Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"56","article-title":"Il-1\u03b2 blockade prevents cell death and mucosal damage of the small intestine in a model of sterile inflammation","volume":"251","author":"Carolina","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immunol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2707","article-title":"Toll-like receptor signalling in the intestinal epithelium: How bacterial recognition shapes intestinal function","volume":"10","author":"Abreu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"862","article-title":"Extract from mulberry (Morus australis) leaf decelerate acetaminophen induced hepatic inflammation involving downregulation of myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) signals","volume":"4","author":"Horng","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Food Drug Anal."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2008-1330","article-title":"Board-invited review: Porcine mucosal immunity of the gastrointestinal tract","volume":"87","author":"Burkey","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2142","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2018-317571","article-title":"Structural weakening of the colonic mucus barrier is an early event in ulcerative colitis pathogenesis","volume":"68","author":"Van","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gut"}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/14\/19\/2911\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:09:52Z","timestamp":1760112592000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/14\/19\/2911"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ani14192911"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani14192911","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]]}}}