{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T23:48:36Z","timestamp":1793144916199,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,17]],"date-time":"2024-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729123200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Scottish Government Rural and Environment Science and Analytical Services (RESAS) division"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chlamydia abortus causes the disease ovine enzootic abortion, which is one of the most infectious causes of foetal death in small ruminants worldwide. While the disease can be controlled using live and inactivated commercial vaccines, there is scope for improvements in safety for both sheep and human handlers of the vaccines. We have previously reported the development of a new prototype vaccine based on a detergent-extracted outer membrane protein preparation of C. abortus that was determined to be more efficacious and safer than the commercial vaccines when administered in two inoculations three weeks apart. In this new study, we have developed this vaccine further by comparing its efficacy when delivered in one or two (1 \u00d7 20 \u00b5g and 2 \u00d7 10 \u00b5g) doses, as well as also comparing the effect of reducing the antigen content of the vaccine by 50% (2 \u00d7 5 \u00b5g and 1 \u00d7 10 \u00b5g). All vaccine formulations performed well in comparison to the unvaccinated challenge control group, with no significant differences observed between vaccine groups, demonstrating that the vaccine can be administered as a single inoculation and at a lower dose without compromising efficacy. Future studies should focus on further defining the optimal antigen dose to increase the commercial viability of the vaccine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14203004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,17]],"date-time":"2024-10-17T08:56:32Z","timestamp":1729155392000},"page":"3004","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Evaluation of the Protective Efficacy of Different Doses of a Chlamydia abortus Subcellular Vaccine in a Pregnant Sheep Challenge Model for Ovine Enzootic Abortion"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Morag","family":"Livingstone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Aitchison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0162-669X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Palarea-Albaladejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, JCMB, The King\u2019s Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9962-446X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Chianini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mara Silvia","family":"Rocchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5631-3557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergio Gast\u00f3n","family":"Caspe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clare","family":"Underwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4961-472X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Allen","family":"Flockhart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2803-0055","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas","family":"Wheelhouse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8822-2331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gary","family":"Entrican","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2218-5144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sean Ranjan","family":"Wattegedera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0086-8443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Longbottom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"GB (2024, August 15). 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