{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T20:26:10Z","timestamp":1791231970877,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]],"date-time":"2024-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729814400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Polish Minister of Science and Higher Education"},{"name":"Department of Hunting and Forest Protection, Pozna\u0144 University of Life Sciences"},{"name":"Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Animals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Roe deer (Capreolus capreolus L.) populations in Poland are characterized by low productivity, which is why their reproductive potential was investigated. The presence of corpora lutea (CL) on the ovaries of females hunted in autumn and winter in the years 2015 and 2016 was assessed. Most animals were post-rut and most often had multiple ovulations. However, in early autumn 2015, 60% of the females had no CL. Therefore, they did not participate in mating at the turn of July\/August. Those that did ovulate were found to have one CL. In late autumn, 97% of the females were post-rut, mostly with twin ovulations. This confirmed the occurrence of a late autumn rut. This phenomenon had been suggested in studies but not confirmed. In contrast, almost 100% of roe deer ovulated in summer in 2016. It was hypothesized that the reason for the low mating activity of roe deer in the summer of 2015 was heat stress and limited food resources. The summer was exceptionally hot, with many days in July and August when temperatures exceeded 30 \u00b0C. The heat combined with low rainfall led to extreme drought. Meanwhile, July and August are the months of mating activity for roe deer. The late autumn rut allowed the roe deer\u2014a monoestrous species\u2014to limit the consequences of a decrease in mating activity or fertility during the hot summer. Global warming may affect roe deer reproduction, so climatic conditions should be considered in population studies, not only in terms of food availability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14213078","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]],"date-time":"2024-10-25T07:51:29Z","timestamp":1729842689000},"page":"3078","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Roe Deer Reproduction in Western Poland: The Late Autumn Rut Phenomenon"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6906-3286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Kamieniarz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Game Management and Forest Protection, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 28, 60-637 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Szyma\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forest District \u0141opuch\u00f3wko, \u0141opuchowko 1, 62-095 Murowana Goslina, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2993-7000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Wo\u017ana-Wysocka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, Noskowskiego 12\/14, 61-704 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7346-547X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bart\u0142omiej M.","family":"Ja\u015bkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Reproduction and Clinic of Farm Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Plac Grunwaldzki 49, 50-366 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4453-2781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcin K.","family":"Dyderski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, 62-035 Kornik, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5610-2124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emilia","family":"Pers-Kamczyc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, 62-035 Kornik, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maciej","family":"Skorupski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Game Management and Forest Protection, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 28, 60-637 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Kamieniarz, R., and Panek, M. (2008). Zwierz\u0119ta \u0141owne w Polsce Na Prze\u0142omie XX i XXI Wieku, Stacja Badawcza PZ\u0141\u2014OHZ w Czempiniu."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"29","article-title":"Long-Term Trends of Hunting Bags and Wildlife Populations in Central Europe","volume":"41","author":"Reimoser","year":"2016","journal-title":"Beitr\u00e4ge Zur Jagd Wildforschung"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Hackl\u00e4nder, K., and Zachos, F.E. (2020). European Roe Deer Capreolus Capreolus (Linnaeus, 1758). Handbook of the Mammals of Europe, Springer."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Wasilewski, M. (2001). Wp\u0142yw Mozaiki Polno-Le\u015bnej Na Spos\u00f3b U\u017cytkowania Terenu Przez Sarny (Capreolus Capreolus Linnaeus, 1758), Wydawnictwo SGGW."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gryz, J., Krauze-Gryz, D., and Jasi\u0144ska, K.D. (2024). Alien vs. Native\u2014Influence of Fallow Deer (Dama dama) Introduction on the Native Roe Deer (Capreolus capreolus) Population. Forests, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/f15061014"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"408","article-title":"Less and Less Roe Deer in the Forest\u2014Population","volume":"168","author":"Kamieniarz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sylwan"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Kamieniarz, R. (2013). Struktura Krajobrazu Rolniczego a Funkcjonowanie Populacji Sarny Polnej, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Przyrodniczego w Poznaniu."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"347","article-title":"Phenotypic Characteristics of Roe Deer Bucks (Capreolus capreolus) in the Opolskie Region, South-Western Poland","volume":"14","author":"Wajdzik","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Sci. Pol. Technol. Aliment."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"424","article-title":"Wp\u0142yw Lesisto\u015bci i Rodzaju Gleb Na Jako\u015b\u0107 Osobnicza Rogaczy Sarny Na Terenie Kielecczyzny","volume":"160","author":"Wajdzik","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sylwan"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.4098\/AT.arch.82-32","article-title":"Demographic Processes in a Forest Roe Deer Population","volume":"27","year":"1982","journal-title":"Acta Theriol. (Warsz.)"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.4098\/AT.arch.82-35","article-title":"Dynamics and Structure of a Field Roe Deer Population","volume":"27","year":"1982","journal-title":"Acta Theriol. (Warsz.)"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.4098\/AT.arch.82-36","article-title":"Population Characteristics of Roe Deer Inhabiting a Small Forest","volume":"27","author":"Pielowski","year":"1982","journal-title":"Acta Theriol. (Warsz.)"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"5","article-title":"Analiza Obserwacji Letnich Zwierzyny Na Terenie RDLP w Pile w Latach 2013-20","volume":"3","author":"Zych","year":"2020","journal-title":"Zach. Porad. Low."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.1010651","article-title":"Luteal Oxytocin and Monoestry in the Roe Deer Capreolus Capreolus","volume":"101","author":"Flint","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Fertil."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.4098\/AT.arch.00-54","article-title":"Ultrasonography of the Ovaries and Uterus and Grey Scale Analysis of the Endometrium during Embryonic Diapause in European Roe Deer","volume":"45","author":"Hermes","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Theriol. (Warsz.)"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Bischoff, T.L.W. (1854). Entwickelungsgeschichte Des Rehes, Leopold Classic Library."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.0500365","article-title":"Plasma Progesterone Levels in the Roe Deer, Capreolus capreolus","volume":"50","author":"Sempere","year":"1977","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.physiol.62.1.353","article-title":"Diapause","volume":"62","author":"Renfree","year":"2000","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.animal.2023.100829","article-title":"Embryonic Diapause in the European Roe Deer\u2014Slowed, but Not Stopped","volume":"17","author":"Ulbrich","year":"2023","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R\u00fcegg, A.B., van der Weijden, V.A., de Sousa, J.A., von Meyenn, F., Pausch, H., and Ulbrich, S.E. (2024). Developmental Progression Continues during Embryonic Diapause in the Roe Deer. Commun. Biol., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-024-05944-w"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1530\/rep.0.1210863","article-title":"Temporal Changes in Reproductive Hormones and Conceptus-Endometrial Interactions during Embryonic Diapause and Reactivation of the Blastocyst in European Roe Deer (Capreolus capreolus)","volume":"121","author":"Lambert","year":"2001","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2020.06.042","article-title":"Embryonic Diapause in Roe Deer: A Model to Unravel Embryo-Maternal Communication during Pre-Implantation Development in Wildlife and Livestock Species","volume":"158","author":"Ulbrich","year":"2020","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.0390225","article-title":"Delayed Implantation in Roe Deer (Capreolus capreolus)","volume":"39","author":"Aitken","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Fertil."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-4320(94)01352-M","article-title":"Effects of Melatonin Implantation or Artificial Long Days on Seasonal Ovulatory Activity in Roe Deer (Capreolus capreolus L.)","volume":"38","author":"Blanvillain","year":"1995","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"473","article-title":"Reproduction Biology of the Roe Deer (Capreolus capreolus) and Newer Domestic Data about the Offspring and Losses","volume":"135","author":"Majzinger","year":"2013","journal-title":"Magy Allatorvosok Lapja"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1007\/s10344-017-1102-9","article-title":"I Can Produce More Offspring as You Can Imagine: First Records on Exceptionally Large Litters in Roe Deer in Central\/Southern Europe","volume":"63","author":"Pokorny","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Wildl. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"6","article-title":"The Roe-Deer (Capreolus capreolus) Population at Kalo and the Factors Regulating Its Size","volume":"7","author":"Strandgaard","year":"1972","journal-title":"Dan. Rev. Game Biol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.3732\/ajb.93.9.1295","article-title":"Reproductive Biology of the Dioecious Canary Islands Endemic Withania Aristata (Solanaceae)","volume":"93","author":"Anderson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.4098\/AT.arch.97-31","article-title":"Sex Differences in Time Budgeting in Roe Deer During the Rut","volume":"42","author":"Flint","year":"1997","journal-title":"Acta Theriol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1007\/s004420050060","article-title":"Variation in Maternal Investment in a Small Cervid; the Effects of Cohort, Sex, Litter Size and Time of Birth in Roe Deer (Capreolus capreolus) Fawns","volume":"109","author":"Andersen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Djak\u00f3w, P. (2023, August 12). Najcieplejszy Rok w Polskiej Historii Pomiar\u00f3w. Available online: https:\/\/naukaoklimacie.pl\/aktualnosci\/najcieplejszy-rok-w-polskiej-historii-pomiarow-130."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Rensis, F., Saleri, R., Garcia-Ispierto, I., Scaramuzzi, R., and L\u00f3pez-Gatius, F. (2021). Effects of Heat Stress on Follicular Physiology in Dairy Cows. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11123406"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e06570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2021.e06570","article-title":"Heat Stress on Cattle Embryo: Gene Regulation and Adaptation","volume":"7","year":"2021","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1002\/mrd.23123","article-title":"Heat Stress, a Serious Threat to Reproductive Function in Animals and Humans","volume":"86","author":"Boni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Reprod. Dev."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Krebs, C.J. (2011). Ekologia. Eksperymentalna Analiza Rozmieszczenia i Liczebno\u015bci, Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN S.A."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"86","article-title":"Verification of the Traditional Hunters\u2019 Method of Age Determination in Roe Deer (Capreolus capreolus L.) Bucks in Comparison with the Histological Analysis of Mandible Teeth: Molar M1 and Incisor I1","volume":"153","author":"Zalewski","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sylwan"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Flaj\u0161man, K., Jerina, K., and Pokorny, B. (2017). Age-Related Effects of Body Mass on Fertility and Litter Size in Roe Deer. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0175579"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Czernecki, B., Glogowski, A., and Nowosad, J. (2020). Climate: An R Package to Access Free In-Situ Meteorological and Hydrological Datasets for Environmental Assessment. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12010394"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"2120","article-title":"Comment on \u2018Candidate Distributions for Climatological Drought Indices (SPI and SPEI)\u2019 by James, H. Stagge et Al","volume":"36","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3001","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.3887","article-title":"Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) Revisited: Parameter Fitting, Evapotranspiration Models, Tools, Datasets and Drought Monitoring","volume":"34","author":"Reig","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"R Core Team (2024). A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, R Foundation for Statistical Computing."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Oksanen, A.J., Blanchet, F.G., Kindt, R., Legen, P., Minchin, P.R., Hara, R.B.O., Simpson, G.L., Solymos, P., and Stevens, M.H.H. (2024, August 26). Community Ecology Package. Available online: https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/package=vegan."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.32614\/RJ-2017-066","article-title":"GlmmTMB Balances Speed and Flexibility among Packages for Zero-Inflated Generalized Linear Mixed Modeling","volume":"9","author":"Brooks","year":"2017","journal-title":"R J."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Hartig, F., and DHARMa: Residual Diagnostics for Hierarchical (Multi-Level\/Mixed) Regression Models (2024, August 26). R Package Version 0.2.7. Available online: https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/DHARMa\/vignettes\/DHARMa.html."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9876.2005.00474.x","article-title":"A Useful Distribution for Fitting Discrete Data: Revival of the Conway\u2013Maxwell\u2013Poisson Distribution","volume":"54","author":"Shmueli","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. C Appl. Stat."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2041-210x.2012.00261.x","article-title":"A General and Simple Method for Obtaining R2 from Generalized Linear Mixed-Effects Models","volume":"4","author":"Nakagawa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Methods Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barto\u0144, K. (2017, October 12). MuMIn: Multi-Model Inference. Available online: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32614\/CRAN.package.MuMIn.","DOI":"10.32614\/CRAN.package.MuMIn"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lenth, R. (2017, October 12). Emmeans: Estimated Marginal Means, Aka Least-Squares Means. Available online: https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/emmeans\/index.html.","DOI":"10.32614\/CRAN.package.emmeans"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.00772","article-title":"Ggeffects: Tidy Data Frames of Marginal Effects from Regression Models","volume":"3","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Open Source Softw."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/s13364-017-0348-7","article-title":"Effects of Population Density and Female Body Mass on Litter Size in European Roe Deer at a Continental Scale","volume":"63","author":"Borowik","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mammal Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2907.2008.00137.x","article-title":"Quaternary History of the European Roe Deer Capreolus Capreolus","volume":"39","author":"Sommer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mamm. Rev."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.3176\/eco.2009.3.02","article-title":"Roe Deer Population and Harvest Changes in Europe","volume":"58","year":"2009","journal-title":"Estonian J. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1002\/jwmg.21623","article-title":"Factors Affecting Implantation Failure in Roe Deer","volume":"83","author":"Chirichella","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Manag."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Pielowski, Z. (1999). Sarna, Wydawnictwo \u015awiat."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.2307\/3802739","article-title":"Irruptive Potential in Roe Deer: Density-Dependent Effects on Body Mass and Fertility","volume":"64","author":"Andersen","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Manag."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1139\/z98-067","article-title":"Ecological Correlates of Mortality of Roe Deer Fawns in a Predator-Free Environment","volume":"76","author":"Andersen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Can. J. Zool."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.1995.tb02719.x","article-title":"The Influence of Increasing Density on Body Weight, Kid Production, Home Range and Winter Grouping in Roe Deer (Capreolus capreolus)","volume":"236","author":"Vincent","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Zool."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-001-0825-0","article-title":"Spatial Patterns and Density Dependence in the Dynamics of a Roe Deer (Capreolus capreolus) Population in Central Italy","volume":"130","author":"Focardi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1007\/s13364-017-0327-z","article-title":"Vole Fluctuations, Red Fox Responses, Predation on Fawns, and Roe Deer Dynamics in a Temperate Latitude","volume":"62","author":"Panek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mammal Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2656.2001.00528.x","article-title":"Phenotypic Quality and Senescence Affect Different Components of Reproductive Output in Roe Deer","volume":"70","author":"Hewison","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Anim. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.2307\/3802036","article-title":"Body Mass of Roe Deer Fawns during Winter in 2 Contrasting Populations","volume":"60","author":"Gaillard","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Manag."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-005-0188-z","article-title":"Density-Dependent Responses of Fawn Cohort Body Mass in Two Contrasting Roe Deer Populations","volume":"146","author":"Kjellander","year":"2006","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-003-1364-7","article-title":"Spatial Variation in Springtime Food Resources Influences the Winter Body Mass of Roe Deer Fawns","volume":"137","author":"Pettorelli","year":"2003","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1857","DOI":"10.1139\/z96-209","article-title":"The Effects of Sex, Time of Birth, and Habitat on the Vulnerability of Roe Deer Fawns to Red Fox Predation","volume":"74","author":"Aanes","year":"1996","journal-title":"Can. J. Zool."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0706.2003.11986.x","article-title":"Cyclic Voles, Prey Switching in Red Fox, and Roe Deer Dynamics\u2014A Test of the Alternative Prey Hypothesis","volume":"101","author":"Kjellander","year":"2003","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.2193\/0022-541X(2005)069[1090:RFRARD]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Red Fox Removal and Roe Deer Fawn Survival\u2014A 14-Year Study","volume":"69","author":"Jarnemo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Manag."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2656.2009.01584.x","article-title":"Habitat and Roe Deer Fawn Vulnerability to Red Fox Predation","volume":"78","author":"Panzacchi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Anim. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00378733","article-title":"Evolutionary Steps of Ecophysiological Adaptation and Diversification of Ruminants: A Comparative View of Their Digestive System","volume":"78","author":"Hofmann","year":"1989","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2435.2009.01528.x","article-title":"Nutrition Integrates Environmental Responses of Ungulates","volume":"23","author":"Parker","year":"2009","journal-title":"Funct. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3331","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2009.0140","article-title":"Climate Change and Seasonal Reproduction in Mammals","volume":"364","author":"Bronson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.2307\/3808192","article-title":"Climatic Variation and Body Weight of Red Deer","volume":"47","author":"Albon","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Manag."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lang, L.I., Wang, Z.Z., Liu, B., Shen, C.-Q., Tu, J.-Y., Wang, S.-C., Lei, R.-L., Peng, S.-Q., Xiao, X., and Zhao, Y.-J. (2024). The Effects and Mechanisms of Heat Stress on Mammalian Oocyte and Embryo Development. J. Therm. Biol., 124.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2024.103927"},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"Lenart, P. (2024, August 30). Podsumowanie Meteorologicznego Lata 2016 Roku w Polsce. Temperatura i Opady. Available online: https:\/\/lenartpawel.pl\/podsumowanie-lata-meteorologicznego-2016-roku-w-polsce-temperatura-i-opady.html."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8645","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2017-12651","article-title":"Invited Review: Effects of Heat Stress on Dairy Cattle Welfare","volume":"100","author":"Polsky","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.13257","article-title":"Dairy Cow Reproduction under the Influence of Heat Stress","volume":"104","author":"Sammad","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(85)80800-6","article-title":"Effects of Climatic and Management Factors on Conception Rate of Dairy Cattle in Subtropical Environment","volume":"68","author":"Badinga","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"Szyma\u0144ski, M. (2022). Populacyjne Przyczyny Zmniejszenia Liczebno\u015bci Sarny Europejskiej w Puszczy Zielonka, Poznan University of Life Sciences."}],"container-title":["Animals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/14\/21\/3078\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T16:20:17Z","timestamp":1760113217000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-2615\/14\/21\/3078"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ani14213078"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani14213078","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-2615"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-2615","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,25]]}}}